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Year1-Endocrinology-Mubarak > The adrenals and their hormones > Flashcards

The adrenals and their hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the left adrenal vien drain into?

A

Renal vien

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2
Q

Where does the right adrenal vein drain into?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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3
Q

How many veins do both adrenal glands have?

A

1

Has 1 vein and many arteries

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4
Q

List the zones of the adrenal cortex and recall the products of the adrenal cortex and medulla

A
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5
Q

List the zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
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6
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Catecholamines

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7
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Corticosteriods

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8
Q

All the blood diffuses down the cortex into the medulla. As the corticosteriods diffuse down the cortex into the medulla it eventually reaches the central vien. The Corticosteriods have a beneficial effect on promoting adrenaline and noraadrenaline production

A
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9
Q

What cells in the adrenal medulla produce Catecholamines?

A

Chromaffin Cells

80%-Adrenaline

20%-Noradrenaline

Evens produces a small amount of dopamine

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10
Q

List the types of Corticosteriods produced by the adenal cortex and give examples of each?

A

Mineralocorticoids-Aldosterone

Glucocorticoids- Cortisol

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11
Q

What other hormones besides Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids can the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Sex steriods

Androgens and Oestrogens

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12
Q

What zone or zones in the adrenal cortex produces Aldosterone?

A

Zona Glomerulosa

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13
Q

What zone is Cortisol and Androgens produced in?

A

Zona Fasciculata

Zona Reticularis

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14
Q

Why are the adrenal cortex hormones also known as C21 steriods

A

21 Carbons in Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids

Cholesterol has 27 carbons

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15
Q

State the steps for synthesis of genral steriod hormones

A

LDLs are delivered to the cell and are stored as Fatty Acid Esters (seen as fat droplets)

To synthesise steroid hormones you need to break down the fatty acid esters to liberate cholesterol

Esterase enzymes break down the fatty acid esters

STEROID HORMONES ARE MADE IN THE MITOCHONDRIA

Cholesterol gets into the mitochondrion via StAR Proteins (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein)

This is one of the rate limiting steps in steroid hormone production

The more StAR proteins you have, the more cholesterol you can get into the mitochondrion and the more steroid hormone you can produce

When cholesterol enters the mitochondrion, there are lots of enzymes that allows the step-wise conversion of the cholesterol into the steroid hormone of choice

The enzymes present in certain cells determines the final steroid hormone product (e.g. adrenal cortical cells have a set of enzymes that produced cortisol)

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16
Q

Recall the synthesis for Cortisol?

A

Sequence of addition and subtraction

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17
Q

List the steps for aldosterone synthesis?

A

NO P450c17 ENZYME

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18
Q

Recall the steps for sex hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex

A

NO need to remember enzymes

Remember some important intermediate molecules

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19
Q

What is the difference between glomerulosa and the FASCICULATA?

A

NO p450c17 in glomerulosa

Glomerulosa has Aldosterine synthase

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20
Q

What proportion of aldosterone is free, bound to CBG ( corticosteroid-binding globulin) or bound to Albumin?

A

40% free

15%- CBG

45%- Albumin

21
Q

What proportion of Cortisol is free, bound to CBG ( corticosteroid-binding globulin) or bound to Albumin?

A

10%- Free

80%- CBG

10%- Albumin

22
Q

Test: Cortisol binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) whereas aldosterone binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR).

Only free unbound hormone can access tissues and bind to relevant receptors.

Is a 5% displacement of hormone (cortisol/aldosterone) from binding proteins going to cause a greater increase in % GR binding or MR binding?

A

Cortisol

23
Q

By how much is there a difference in the concentrations of Cortisol and Aldosterone?

A

1000 x

24
Q

What is the name of the receptor or receptors that cortisol can bind to?

A

Glucocorticoid Receptor

Aldosterone Receptor (MR)

25
Q

What is the major implication of the data below?

A

Cortisol can bind to and aggrevates the MR just as effectively as Aldosterone and is 1000x more. So what is the point of aldosterone. There is certain tissue that excludes cortisol by making it inactive :11b-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase 2. So aldosetrone is needed because in certain tissue aldesterone can bind to MR receptor whilst cortisol can’t. An example of this tissue is the kidney- This is the target organ for aldosterone and cortisol cant enter the kidney unless it has very high concentration. The 11b-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase 2 is found in such tissuess. This enzyme is also in the placenta to prevent maternal cortisol for reaching the baby because cortisol is growth inhibitory.

26
Q

What 3 things causes renin release?

A

RENIN IS AN ENZYME

-Decreased renal perfusion pressure (normally associated with decreased arteriole blood pressure) -

Increased renal sympathetic activity- flight or fight response

  • The JGA (juxta-glomerular apparatus) has sympathetic innervation
  • The sympathetic system is activated when the blood pressure falls
  • This leads to renin release

Decreased Na+ load dilivered to the distal tube -This load is measured by the macula densa (Na+ sensor) of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Sodium diffuses out of the macula cells causing them to shrink which causes Renin production.

Decreased sodium concentration at the top of the loop of Henle

This leads to activation of JGA and the release of renin

27
Q

Draw a diagram showing the renin angiotensin system?

A
28
Q

What does Angiotensin II stimulate?

A

ANGIOTENSIN II stimulates the zona glomerulosa to produce aldosterone

29
Q

Low Na+ in blood and high K+ in blood stimulates aldosterone production- not as much as angiotensin II

A
30
Q

Draw the Adrenal gland – hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis

A

A key stmuli for cortisol production is Stress- any stress

31
Q

Describe your cortisol levels throughout the day

A

Higher when sleeping

32
Q

Where are the target cells for aldosterone located

A

target cells for aldosterone are located in the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct,

33
Q

What are the actions of aldosterone?

A

Stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct

This is particularly important in the kidneys but is also important in sweat glands, gastric glands and colon)

Stimulates K+ and H+ secretion in the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct

So it will have an effect on pH regulation of the blood

34
Q

Draw a diagram shoing the effects of aldosterone inside a cell

A
35
Q

What is cortisol mechanism of action inside a cell?

Draw a diagram

A
36
Q

For normal physiological effects of cortisol, what ratio of MR to GR receptor stimulation do you need?

A

Maximal MR stimulation ( MR most important for normal cortisol physiollogical response) excluding the tissue with enzyme protection and Little stimulation of GR

37
Q

What effects on the body does very high levels and low levels of cortisol have on the body ( chronic- for a long time )?

List 9 for each

A
38
Q

When you are stressed, what happens to the proportion of GR to MR stimulation?

A

The are both highlt stimulated

GR drives your stress response

39
Q

What effects does cortisol have in the liver?

A

Stimulate Glycolysis

Stimulate Gluconeogenesis

Increase blood glucose conc

40
Q

What effect does cortisol have on skeletal muscle and adipose cells?

A

Decreases bloodflow to skeletal muscle and Fat

Decrase the transporters that causes glucose to enter the cells

CORTISOL WANTS TO INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION

41
Q

What effect does cortsiol have on memory function?

A

Dantate Gyrus- large pink, green and yellow area- important area

Seratonin and cortisol in the hippocampus work together

Seratonin promotes granular cell (have a role in memory formation) proliferation

Cortisol increases the sensitivity of the hippocampus to seratonin

Acute stress response- help with memory- that is why most of your first memories are stressful

42
Q

What effects does high conc of cortisol like substances have?

A

If you use high dose of cortisol like substances it has a powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive efffects

At normal physiological levels it supports the immune system- more research is needed in this level

That is why during exam period you are more likely to get ill

43
Q

What effect does alcohol and caffine have on cortisol production?

A

Caffine and Alcohol increase cortisol

Alcohol is more powerful then caffine

44
Q

If you are chronically stressed how does it effect memory?

A

Memory gets much worse due to GR receptor having the main effect and bring the major activator.

Example of this is PTSD

45
Q

Test: What effect would supraphysiological levels of cortisol

have on blood pressure?

Hint – 11 beta HSD II

A

Normally you have the enzyme barrier in the kidney- high levels can pass the enzyme barrier and has the same effect as aldosteron whilst in the kidney- this causes an increase in blood pressure?

46
Q

In which zone is Adrenal androgens synthesised?

A

Zona reticularis

47
Q

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

This is a very weak androgen

Precursor for androgens and oestrogens

Converted to active hormones within target cells (which have appropriate enzymes)

Peak serum levels at 20-30 years, then decreasing steadily with increasing age

Particularly important in post-menopausal women as a precursor for oestrogen (and androgen) synthesis by target tissue in the absence of ovarian steroids

A
48
Q

What effects on the body does angiotensin 2 have?

A

Potent vasoconstrictor

Year1-Endocrinology-Mubarak (12 decks)

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