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Neuroscience > Thalamus & Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Thalamus & Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

0
Q

cerebral cortex’s largest source of afferent fibers is from

A

the thalamus

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1
Q

cerebral cortex contains how many neurons?

A

15 billion

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2
Q

cerebral cortex inputs

A

brainstem reticular formation (MAO inputs)
basal forebrain (basal ganglia and limbic system)
association fibers within cx
contralateral cx

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3
Q

cerebral cortex generates activity forming the basis of…

A 
voluntary movement
sensory perception
learning
memory
language
emotions
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4
Q

cells in cerebral cortex are arranged

A

in narrow bands arranged vertically

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5
Q

6 layers of cells in the cerebral cortex

A 
I - molecular (interneurons)
II - granule (inputs)
III - pyramidal (outputs)
IV - granule (inputs)
V - pyramidal (outputs)
VI - multiform
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6
Q

primary sensory cells

A

layers II and IV

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7
Q

primary motor cells

A

layers III and V

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8
Q

some afferents from the cx are slower and are mediated by

A

ACh, MAO’s, and peptides

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9
Q

pyramidal cells can

A

integrate wide variety of inputs
send signals to other layers within columns and other parts of the cortex or beyond the cx
may excite neurons in same column, inhibit adjacent columns

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10
Q

columns arranged

A

in alternating fashion

this allows distinctive sensory or motor elements related to the same body part to be adjacent

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11
Q

M1 Broadman’s area

A

4

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12
Q

SMA & PMC Broadman’s area

A

6

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13
Q

S2 Broadman’s area

A

5, 7

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14
Q

V1 Broadman’s area

A

17

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15
Q

V2 Broadman’s area

A

18

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16
Q

V3 Broadman’s area

A

19

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17
Q

A1 Broadman’s area

A

41

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18
Q

A2 Broadman’s area

A

42

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19
Q

4 general function categories of cx

A

1 - primary sensory areas
2 - primary motor areas
3 - unimodal association cortex (adjacent to each primary sensory area, higher level of info processing, perception of the sensation)
4 - multimodal association cortex

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20
Q

multimodal association cortex includes

A

parieto-occipital-temporal junction
prefrontal area
limbic area

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21
Q

parieto-occipital-temporal junction

A

spatial orientation, comprehension, visual processing of words

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22
Q

prefrontal area

A

planning of complex patterns of behavior
sequence & elaboration of thought
expression of emotion

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23
Q

limbic area

A

affective behaviors
autonomic behaviors
memory

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24
Q

parietal association cortex

A

altering how we focus our attention
spatial relationships
attention

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25
Q

(multimodal) parietal association cortex

A

concentrated in the parietal association cortex of the non-dominant hemisphere

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26
Q

parietal association area is

A

the most highly lateralized area in the brain

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27
Q

lesion in the non-dominant parietal association cortex

A

defect of attention
contralateral neglect
lack of spatial orientation

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28
Q

contralateral neglect

A

patient seems unaware of objects & events in the contralateral half of their body or surrounding space

29
Q

lack of spatial orientation

A

inability to function within spatial surroundings

inability to describe route or relation between things (ex: bed and the chair next to it)

30
Q

apraxia

A

disorder of motor control/voluntary skilled learned movement
deficit in motor planning
inability to initiate & perform purposive movements

31
Q

apraxia common in brain lesions

A

that involve dominant hemisphere

that involve - parietal association cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary cortex

32
Q

types of apraxia

A

ideational
ideomotor
constructional

33
Q

ideational apraxia

A

most severe
Purposeful movement is NOT possible automatically or on command
Inability to understand the concept of the movement
Inability to describe movement

34
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

Purposeful movement may be performed automatically but is NOT possible on command
Patient able to do habitual tasks & describe them but NOT able to initiate it or perform it on command
Disconnection between the idea of the movement & motor execution

35
Q

constructional apraxia

A

Inability to internalize & duplicate spatial relationships among objects
Inability to duplicate simple block construction while looking at model even though NO visual or fine motor defects
Inability to remember locations of a group of objects

36
Q

Agnosia

A

inability to know something

37
Q

agnosia manifests as

A

inability to understand how sensory cues translate into meaningful concepts, though patient retains basic sensory abilities

38
Q

agnosia results from

A

damage to modality-specific sensory association areas

39
Q

types of agnosia

A 
visual
auditory
tactile
color
olfactory
40
Q

visual agnosia

A

not able to recognize object seen visually but will recognize it thru sound, touch, or smell

41
Q

prefrontal area

A 
Abstract intellectual abilities:
judgement
foresight
sense of purpose
responsibility
social propriety

last area of cortex to mature

42
Q

lesion in prefrontal cortex affects

A

-intellectual abilities, personality, character
Become:
-highly distractible
-lack of foresight
-unusually stubborn
-lack of ambition & sense of responsibility

43
Q

highly distractible

A

lack of consistency of purpose

44
Q

lack of foresight

A

ability to anticipate or predict future

45
Q

unusually stubborn

A

in face of advice that they do not agree

46
Q

dominant vs non-dominant hemisphere

A

language controlled by dominant (left for most people)

right for various spatial relations skills

47
Q

corpus callosum

A

where info from one side of the brain transferred to other

sent from layers II & III to more superficial layers

48
Q

cross-cortical connections in M1

A

fewer connections for distal muscles more for axial muscles (these function relatively independently)

49
Q

expressive speech area

A

Broca’s area

44, 45

50
Q

receptive language area

A

Wernicke’s area

22 (37, 39, 40)

51
Q

types of aphasia

A

expressive - Broca’s aphasia
receptive - Wernicke’s aphasia
conductive
global

52
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

expressive/non fluent aphasia

occurs with lesions of frontal branches of MCA or by a tumor

53
Q

Broca’s aphasia severe cases

A

unable to speak

54
Q

Broca’s aphasia less severe cases

A
  • slow difficult articulation
  • limited vocabulary
  • simple words or expressions
  • inappropriate words used (under stress or frustration)
  • difficulty writing
  • may have motor symptoms on lower face and arm
55
Q

agraphia

A

unable to write

56
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

receptive or fluent aphasia
comprehension problem
often caused by lesions of temporal & parietal branches of MCA or by hemorrhage into thalamus

57
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia presents as

A
  • speech sounds fluent but content is confused
  • may exhibit ‘word salad’ - nonsensical combo of words
  • may be unable to read & write
  • may NOT be aware of disability
58
Q

alexia

A

inability to read

59
Q

conductive aphasia

A

interruption in link b/w Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas
spontaneous expression fluent
comprehension is normal
inability to translate what was heard into an appropriate reply

60
Q

global aphasia

A

profound disorder with complete loss of language

lesion in left internal carotid or the most proximal part MCA

61
Q

language and right hemisphere

A

other aspects of language (prosody of speech)

62
Q

there are different pathways for repeating words that are…

A

heard or read

63
Q

3 groups in thalamus

A

lateral
anterior
medial

64
Q

lateral nuclei transmit

A

somatosensory, visual, auditory, and taste info into posterior cortex and other regions

65
Q

anterior nuclei connect to

A

hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
mammillary bodies

66
Q

medial nuclei project

A

widely throughout cx - ‘non-specific nuclei’

67
Q

thalamic nuclei can be categorized as

A

specific
association
non-specific

68
Q

specific thalamic nuclei

A 
VPM
VPL
MG
LG
input from sensory pathways
project topographically to specific regins of cx especially to pimary sensory areas
69
Q

association thalamic nuclei

A 
VA
VL
Pulvinar
Anterior
input from basal ganglia, cerebellum, non-specific thalamic nuclei
projec to specific regions cx

complex cognitive & integrative functions

70
Q

non-specific thalamic nuclei

A

mediodorsal
centromedian
projec to wide regions of cx
NOT topographically organized
modulate activity across broad regions of cx
input from MAO axons & reticular formation

71
Q

most cortical regions…

A

receive multiple thalamic inputs & have reciprocal relationships with thalamic nuclei

Neuroscience (4 decks)

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