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Neuroscience > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Nuclear bag

A

Annulospiral endings
Phasic and tonic
Dynamic gamma motor neurons
Static gamma motor neurons

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1
Q

Nuclear chain

A

Annulospiral endings
Flower spray endings
Tonic
Static gamma motor neurons

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2
Q

Annulospiral endings

A 
Tonic and phasic
Type Ia
Sensitive to rate of change 
Sensitive to change in muscle length
Primary endings
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3
Q

Flower spray endings

A

Static
Type II
Respond to muscle stretch
Secondary endings

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4
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Type Ib

Proprioceptive/sensory feedback to LMN

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5
Q

Upper motor neuron symptoms

A 
Spinal shock
Hypertonia
Weakness
Hyper reflexia
Pathological reflexes
Clonus
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6
Q

Lower motor neuron symptoms

A 
Flaccid paralysis
Hypotonia
Atrophy
Fibrillations/fasciculations 
Weakness
Hyporeflexia/areflexia
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7
Q

Medial motor neuron pool

A

Axial and girdle muscles

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8
Q

Lateral motor neuron pools

A

Distal muscles

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9
Q

Anterior motor neuron pools

A

Extensor muscles

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10
Q

Posterior motor neuron pools

A

Flexor muscles

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11
Q

5 components of the reflex arc

A 
Sensory organs
Afferent neurons
One or more synapse
Efferent neurons
The effector (muscle or gland)
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12
Q

Myotatic reflex

A

Simple

Monosynaptic

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13
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Simple

Poly synaptic

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14
Q

Inverse myotatic reflex

A

Simple

Polysynaptic

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15
Q

Flexor withdraw reflex

A

Complex

Polysynaptic

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16
Q

Crossed extension reflex

A

Complex

Polysynaptic

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17
Q

Hypokinetic signs

A 
Akinesia
Bradykinesia
Dystonia
Parkinson's
Decreased appropriate cortical activity and increased inappropriate activity
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18
Q

Hyperkinetic signs

A 
Dyskinesia 
Ballismus
Chorea
Athetosis
Huntington's
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19
Q

Akinesia

A

Impaired ability to initiate a movement when internally guided

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20
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Reduction in velocity and amplitude of movement related to increased activation of antagonist muscles

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21
Q

Dystonia

A

Sustained muscle contractions, abnormal stiff postures, repetitive slow twisting movements

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22
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Abnormal movements often at tongue and face

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23
Q

Ballismus

A

Usually 1 sided uncontrolled flinging movements UE due to damage to subthalamic nucleus

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24
Q

Chorea

A

Irregular dance like movements quicker than athetosis. Loss of medium spiney cells in striatum

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25
Q

Athetosis

A

Slower writhing movements of distal extremities also seen as facial grimacing

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26
Q

Sensory organs of the semicircular canals?

A

Ampulla

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27
Q

Otoliths in utricle sensitive to

A

Horizontal motion

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28
Q

Otoliths in the saccule are sensitive to

A

Vertical motion

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29
Q

Rotate right

A 
Right = excite
Left = inhibit
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30
Q

Tilt right

A 
Right = inhibit 
Left = excite
31
Q

Vestibulocerebellar pathway

A

Balance and muscle tone

32
Q

Vestibulorecticular pathway

A

Nausea and light headed feelings with dizziness

33
Q

Rotational VOR - horizontal

A

Input from horizontal semicircular canals and utricle

34
Q

Rotational VOR - vertical

A

Input from vertical semicircular canals and saccule

35
Q

Rotational VOR - tortional

A

Input from vertical semicircular canals and utricle

36
Q

Linear VOR

A

Eyes move in opposite direction of head to keep object on fovea

Input from otolith organs

37
Q

Lesion of parietal cortical area

A

Confusion in spatial awareness

38
Q

BPPV

A

Acute onset vertigo and nystagmus

Otoconia crystals from utricle separate and become lodged in cupula of posterior canal (cupulolithiasis)

39
Q

Vestibular neuritis

A

Edema/inflammation of vestibular nerve

Severe vertigo and vomiting

40
Q

Ménière’s disease

A

Abnormal fluid pressure in vestibular labyrinths

Feeling of fullness in ear, tinnitus, severe acute vertigo, nausea, vomiting, hearing loss

41
Q

Pure tones

A

Mix of harmonically related frequencies

42
Q

Noise

A

Mixture of unrelated frequencies

43
Q

Intensity translates into?

A

The force of sound

44
Q

Location of low sound

A

Depends most on timing differences

45
Q

Location of high sound

A

Depends on intensity differences

46
Q

3 boneyard ossicles (middle ear)

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

47
Q

Middle ear function

A

Reduce the magnitude of movements from the tympanic membrane but increase force of movement on the oval window

48
Q

Oval window

A

Located at footplate of stapes

When footplate vibrates the cochlear fluid is set in motion

49
Q

Round window

A

Pressure relief port for the fluid set into motion initially by the movement of the stapes in the oval window

50
Q

Cochlea

A

3 fluid filled chambers

Central chamber = organ of corti

51
Q

Organ on Corti

A

Sensory area of cochlear duct

Basilar membrane line with hair cells
Perilymph fluid set in motion by movement of oval window
Hair cells move and generate neural signal

52
Q

Transduction of sound waves

A

Sound enters air -> tympanic membrane -> vibrates -> handle of malleus strikes incus -> moves stapes in and out -> vibrates oval window -> pressure chain results in motion of cochlear fluid (perilymph) -> moves hair cells -> neural signal generated

53
Q

Superior olivary nuclei

A

Processes auditory signals - integrates info from both ears to localize sound

54
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Cochlear nuclei in pons/medulla junction -> superior olivary complex on both sides of pons the -> (or directly) to inferior colliculus on contralateral pons

55
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Interact with superior colliculus to elicit movements of eyes and head toward the sound

56
Q

Inferior colliculus projects to

A

Medial geniculate body of thalamus

57
Q

Thalamus projects auditory fibers to

A

Primary auditory cortex A1 (41)
Conscious awareness of sound
Auditory association cortex A2 (42)
Compares sounds to memory and categorizes

58
Q

Wernicke area

A

Auditory association area (22)

Comprehension of spoken language

59
Q

Higher auditory association areas

A

39, 40

Reading and writing language

60
Q

Sensory organ in skeletal muscle

A

Muscle spindle

61
Q

Renshaw cells

A

Interneurons that regulate activity in alpha motor neuron (collaterals send excitatory signals Ach to Renshaw) fine tune excitatory signals

62
Q

Muscle synergies

A

Muscle memory

Input from muscle spindles and interneurons help coordinate activity across spinal segments

63
Q

Central pattern generators

A

Genetically wired movements

64
Q

Primary motor strip spatial arrangement

A

Face lateral

Legs medial

65
Q

Corticospinal/Pyramidal tract

A

Lateral 95-90%
Anterior (ventral)
Originate motor cortex
Synapse on AMN in gray matter at each segment

66
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Above medulla runs contra to limb it innervates - crosses at pyramidal decussation in lower medulla - runs ipsi in SC to limb in innervates

Controls fine movement of distal muscles

67
Q

Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract

A

Travels thru brainstem and SC ipsilaterally

Upper trunk and neck movements

68
Q

Origin of corticospinal system

A

30% - M1, 4, precentral gyrus
40% - S1, 3 1 2
30% - PMC and SMA, 6

69
Q

Blood supply to corticospinal system

A

MCA - UE

ACA - LE

70
Q

Corticospinal system course

A

Pass caudally from internal capsule and go ipsi to midbrain (middle 1/3 crus cerebri) to pons (thru pontine gray) to medulla (aggregate anteriorly and travel thru pyramid to lower part and cross)

71
Q

Corticospinal system termination

A

On anterior horn cells and interneurons in intermediate zone

55% - cervical region UE - medial
25% - lumbar region LE - lateral
Other thoracic region trunk

72
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

M1
Input from - cerebellum, basal ganglia, VL and BPL

Final integration occurs in M1 - precise coordinates motor response of appropriate force

73
Q

Supplementary Motor Area SMA

A

6

Planning sequences of voluntary movement (finger taps, tying shoes, handwriting)

Active during mental rehearsal

Projects to distal muscles via M1 and to LMNs of axial muscles

74
Q

Premotor Cortex PMC

A

6

Preparation to move
Active during pre-movement period
Organizes postural adjustments

Projects to reticulospinal tracts axial and distal muscles

75
Q

PMC unilateral lesion

A

Decreased strength, not paralysis, difficulty coordinating bilateral arm movements

76
Q

Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

5 7

Integrate info about spatial arrangement of objects with somatosensory input needed for reach and grasp

Project to SMA and PMC

Neuroscience (4 decks)

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