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Neurosurgery Flash Cards > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the diencephalon

A

Third ventricle, thalamus, sub thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

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2
Q

Boundaries of diencephalon

A

posterior commissure dorsally to the interventricular foramina ventrally; dorsally bordered by roof of third ventricle, ventrally bordered by optic chasm, infundibulum, and mammillary bodies

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3
Q

What is the only sensory pathway that does not relay through the hypothalamus?

A

Olfaction

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4
Q

Reticular nucleus receives collaterals from…

A

both afferent and efferent thalamic axons and projects in turn to the other nuclei of the thalamus

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5
Q

What is the stratum zonale?

A

Rostral thin white matter layer covering the thalamus

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6
Q

Lateral white matter layer covering the thalamus

A

external medullary lamina

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7
Q

Y-shaped white matter that divides thalamus into 3 parts

A

internal medullary lamina

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8
Q

Components of the lateral part of the thalamus

A
  1. Dorsal tier
    - lateral dorsal nucleus
    - lateral posterior nucleus
    - pulvinar
  2. ventral tier
    - ventral anterior nucleus
    - ventral lateral nucleus
    - ventral posterior nucleus
    - medial and lateral geniculate bodies
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9
Q

reticular nucleus

A

located on the lateral surface of the thalamus between the external medullary lamina and the internal capsule

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10
Q

Input and output and function anterior nucleus of thalamus

A

input: hypothalamus (mammillary bodies and mammillothalamic tract)
output: to cingulate gyrus (anterior limb of IC)
function: emotional states and memory, alertness and attention

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11
Q

input, output and function of ventral anterior and lateral nuclei

A

input: basal ganglia and the cerebellum
output: motor and premotor cortices
function: provide the motor cortex with information received from the cerebellum and basal ganglia

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12
Q

subdivisions of ventral posterior nucleus

A
  1. ventroposterolateral nucleus -> somatosensory input related to body from medial leminscal and spinothalamic tract
  2. ventroposteromedial nucleus -> somatosensory input from the face from sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve

-both project to primary somatosensory cortex

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13
Q

input, output centromedian nucleus

A

input: cerebral cortex, globus pallidus
output: projects to caudate and putamen

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14
Q

input, output and function of reticular nucleus

A

input: collateral branches of thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers
output: thalamic nuclei
function: modulates influence that thalamus exerts on cortex

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15
Q

name the association thalamic nuclei

A

medial nucleus (dorsomedial nucleus), lateral dorsal nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar

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16
Q

what cortices do the association thalamic nuclei project to?

A

1 of 3: parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex, prefrontal association cortex, limbic association cortex

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17
Q

input, output and function of dorsomedial nucleus

A

input: olfactory cortex, amygdaloid nucleus and hypothalamus
output: prefrontal association cortex
function: affective behavior, mood influences

18
Q

name the condition that results from dorsomedial nucleus damage

A

Korsakoffs syndrome -> confabulation, memory loss

19
Q

input, output and function of lateral dorsal nucleus

A

input: hippocampal formation
output: cingulate gyrus
function: emotional behavior

20
Q

input, output of lateral posterior nucleus

A

input: unknown
output: somatosensory association cortex

21
Q

input, output and function of pulvinar

A

input: superior colliculus of midbrain, sensory association areas of parietal, temporal and occipital areas
output: parietal, temporal and occipital association cortices

22
Q

blood supply thalamus

A

mostly from the posterior cerebral artery, as well as the posterior communicating artery; additional from anterior and posterior choroidal arteries

23
Q

specific branches of the posterior cerebral artery that supply the thalamus

A

thalamopeforate artery and thalamogeniculate artery

24
Q

thalamoperforating arteries

A

origin: P1 segment
supply: medial thalamus (mediodorsal and intralaminar nuclei)

25
Q

thalamogeniculate arteries

A

origin: P2 segment
supply: lateral thalamus (VL, VPL, VPM, MGB, LGB), and pulvinar

26
Q

what part of the thalamus does the medial posterior choroidal artery supply?

A

choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle, pineal gland, superior medial aspect of the thalamus

27
Q

what part of the thalamus does the lateral posterior choroidal artery supply?

A

choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles and the lateral nuclear group of thalamus

28
Q

what part of the thalamus does the anterior choroidal artery supply?

A

part of the LGB, ventrolateral nuclei and reticular nucleus

29
Q

what part of the thalamus does the PCOM supply?

A

perforators to the inferior thalamus

30
Q

Paramedian Artery of Percheron

A

single large P1 perforator that perfuses the medial aspect of thalamus (MD nucleus) bilaterally

31
Q

What sensation characteristic will differentiate a lesion fo the thalamus vs somatosensory cortex?

A

vibration sense spared in somatosensory lesion; lost in thalamic lesions

32
Q

ventral anterior nucleus inputs and outputs

A

input: medial segment of Globus pallidus and substantia pars reticulata
output: frontal eye fields (area 8), premotor cortex, and SMA (area 6)

33
Q

Thalamic radiations

A

4 distinct fiber peduncles that communicate the thalamus with the cerebral cortex

34
Q

thalamic radiation projections

A

anterior-> frontal lobe
inferior -> temporal lobe
superior -> parietal lobe
posterior -> occipital lobe

35
Q

where do the thalamic radiations travel?

A

anterior -> anterior limb of IC
superior -> posterior limb of IC
inferior -> sublenticular region of IC
posterior -> retrolenticular portion of IC

36
Q

lesions of posterior limb of internal capsule can cause…

A
  1. hemiparesis (corticospinal tract)
  2. hemianesthesia (thalamocortical fibers)
  3. hemianopsia (optic radiation)
  4. hemihypacusis (auditory radiation)
37
Q

neurotransmitters of thalamic projections

A

glutamate and aspartate

38
Q

what thalamic nucleus is the only one to use inhibitory NT?

A

reticular nucleus (GABA)

39
Q

components of the epithalamus

A

pineal body, stria medullaris thalami, habenular trigone and the roof (tela choroidea) of the 4th ventricle

40
Q

Stria medullaris thalami

A

fibers originate in the septal nuclei, preoptic region of the hypothalamus and the anterior thalamic nuclei -> PROJECTS to habenular nuclei ->project to midbrain via fasciculus retroflexus

41
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin, serotonin, norepinephrine

42
Q

the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus relays light cycle indirectly to the pineal gland through….

A

superior cervical ganglion

Neurosurgery Flash Cards (4 decks)

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