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Neurosurgery Flash Cards > Neurobiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology Flashcards

1
Q

function of neuroglia

A

myelination of neuronal axons, neurotransmitter uptake, neuronal growth factor synthesis, removal of extracellular debris, assistance with neuronal migration, BBB structure

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2
Q

neuroglia cells

A

microglia, astrocytes, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

function of astrocytes

A

regulate the balance of electrolytes (mainly potassium) in the extracellular space, provide nutrient support to neurons, stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions that compose the BBB, regulate neurotransmitter concentration, divide in response to injury (astrocytes or gliosis) and have limited phagocytic capacity

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4
Q

types of astrocytes

A
  1. fibrous astrocytes -> primarily in white matter

2. protoplasmic astrocytes -> primarily in gray matter

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5
Q

Bergmann cells

A

specialized astrocytes which surround and support the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and Muller cells of the retina

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6
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

responsible for myelination of axons; single oligodendrocyte myelinations MULTIPLE axons

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7
Q

Schwann cells

A

responsible for PNS myelination; single Schwann cell myelinates one axon

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8
Q

microglia

A

derived from macrophages (MESODERMAL ORIGIN) and subsequently migrate into the CNS; phagocytosis and antigen presentation

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9
Q

are dendrites myelinated?

A

no

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10
Q

what is the name of the structure on a neuron that extends in a tubular fashion from the cell soma

A

axon hillock

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11
Q

what is the most excitable portion of the neuron

A

axon hillock

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12
Q

why is the axon hillock the most excitable portion?

A

high concentration of sodium channels

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13
Q

what structure is devoid of Nissel substance?

A

axon hillock

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14
Q

axon

A

efferent component of the neuron that conducts action potentials from the soma or axon hillock

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15
Q

unipolar neuron

A

simplest neuron; found only in the autonomic nervous system of vertebrates

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16
Q

bipolar neuron

A

associated with special senses (olfactory, vision, auditory, vestibular)

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17
Q

pseudounipolar neuron

A

two processes that fuse into one; comprise sensory ganglia of cranial nerves and spinal nerves (e.g. dorsal root ganglia)

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18
Q

multipolar neuron

A

most prevalent type of neuron; multiple dendrites

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19
Q

the ependymal cells that line the roof of the third and fourth ventricles, and the choroidal fissure of the lateral ventricles is called…

A

tela choroidea

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20
Q

tela choroidea

A

specialized secretory epithelium (choroid plexus) that synthesizes approximately 70% of the CSF

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21
Q

BBB of choroid plexus is unique….

A

epithelial instead endothelial

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22
Q

proteins and phospholipids that are destined for secretion are initially synthesized in the

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

Rough ER sends products to the

A

Golgi complex

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24
Q

what happens in the Golgi complex

A

modifies proteins by adding polysaccharides, and processing includes glycosylation (O-linked and N-linked), proteoglycan formation, attachment of fatty acids, and sulfating of tyrosine and sugar residues

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25
Q

protein involved in fast anterograde transport

A

kinesin and ATP; 400 mm/day

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26
Q

drugs that interfere with microtubule structure and disrupt fast anterograde transport

A

vinblastine and colchicine

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27
Q

component A

A

slower than fast anterograde transport; 0.2 to 2.5mm/day; utilizes dynamic (GTP-dependent)

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28
Q

Component B

A

2-4mm/day; uses actin/myosin motor complex in the transport of cytosolic proteins, actin and spectrin

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29
Q

protein involved in retrograde axonal transport

A

dynein and ATP; 400mm/day

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30
Q

two types of synapses in the nervous system

A

electrical and chemical

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31
Q

electrical synapse

A

direct spread of action potential from the presynaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron; these neurons have direct cytoplasmic continuity with GAP JUNCTIONS CALLED CONNEXONS WITH PROTEIN SUBUNITS CALLED CONNEXINS

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32
Q

is electrical synapse unidirectional or bidirectional? slow or fast?

A

Fast; bidirectional

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33
Q

chemical synapse

A

more prevalent; pre and post-synaptic neuron separated by synaptic cleft; synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters

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34
Q

is chemical synapse unidirectional or bidirectional? slow or fast?

A

unidirectional; slower than electrical

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35
Q

creation of acetylcholine

A

from choline and Acetyl CoA by enzyme choline acetyltransferase

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36
Q

what neurons use acetylcholine?

A
  1. spinal cord motor neurons at NMJ
  2. all PRE-ganglionic autonomic neurons
  3. all POST-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons
  4. POST-ganglionic sympathetic neurons to sweat glands
  5. nucleus basalis of Meynert
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37
Q

acetylcholine is metabolized by what enzyme

A

acetylcholinesterase

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38
Q

Dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine are all metabolized from the same molecule…

A

tyrosine

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39
Q

rate limiting enzyme in dopamine and norepinephrine synthesis

A

tyrosine hydroxylase; tyrosine -> L-DOPA

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40
Q

synthesis of dopamine from L-dopa via what enzyme

A

Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

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41
Q

what prevents dopamine uptake into the synaptic vesicle

A

reserpine

42
Q

where does norepinephrine synthesis take place?

A

in the synaptic vesicle

43
Q

dopamine to norepinephrine via what enzyme

A

dopamine B-hydroxylase

44
Q

where is norepinephrine found?

A

locus ceruleus, most post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons, pineal gland

45
Q

norepinephrine uptake is blocked by what…

A

cocaine

46
Q

norepinephrine is metabolized by what enzyme

A

catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO)

47
Q

synthesis of epinephrine from norepinephrine occurs in the adrenal medulla via what enzyme?

A

phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase

48
Q

rate limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis

A

tryptophan to 5HTP via tryptophan hydroxylase

49
Q

5HTP to serotonin via what enzyme

A

5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase

50
Q

describe process of synaptic vesicle exocytosis

A

depolarization -> calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of synapse proteins release synaptic vesicle -> targets docking site at active zone of terminal bouton -> protein within wall called vesicle SNARE (v-SNARE or synaptobrevin) then binds to a target-SNARE (t-SNARE, syntaxin) -> protein complex fuses with wall of the synaptic vesicle and terminal bouton resulting in NT release

51
Q

what does tetanus toxin cleave?

A

synaptobrevin

52
Q

what does botulinum toxin cleave?

A

t-SNARES and v-SNARES

53
Q

what subunit on G proteins interacts with effector enzymes?

A

alpha subunit

54
Q

cholera toxin activates what G protein?

A

Gs

55
Q

pertussis toxin activates what G protein?

A

Gi

56
Q

G proteins activate adenylate cyclase to produce?

A

cyclic AMP

57
Q

cAMP interacts protein kinase A and subsequently phosphorylates what…

A

serine and threonine residues on target proteins

58
Q

nitric oxide is generated from what amino acid

A

arginine via nitric oxide synthase

59
Q

nitric oxide synthase is activated by ca2+/calmodulin-dependent enzyme after stimulation of what receptor?

A

NMDA via glutamate

60
Q

does nitric oxide stimulate cAMP or cGMP?

A

cGMP

61
Q

what type of receptors do acetylcholine bind to?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

62
Q

subunits to nicotinic cholinergic receptors

A

5 subunits: two alpha, one beta, one gamma, one delta (a2byd)

63
Q

alpha subunit binds how many ACH molecules?

A

one

64
Q

how many ACH molecules are needed for activation of the channel?

A

two

65
Q

a-bungarotoxin

A

binds the alpha subunit, effectively inhibiting nicotinic cholinergic channels

66
Q

inhibitors of nicotinic cholinergic receptors

A

hexamethonium (ganglionic), succinylcholine (depolarizing), and D-tubocurarine (non-depolarizing)

67
Q

subunits that make up muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

A

2 subunits: alpha and beta

68
Q

what inhibits and stimulates muscarinic cholinergic channels?

A

inhibits -> atropine and scopolamine

stimulates -> bethanechol, carbachol, pilocarpine, methacholine

69
Q

GABA-A subunits

A

5 subunits -> 2 alpha, 2 beta, 1 gamma

70
Q

what subunits in GABA-A binds GABA, barbiturates, benzodiazepines?

A

GABA -> alpha, beta and gamma
barbiturates -> alpha and beta
benzodiazepines -> gamma

71
Q

GABA-B channel

A

increases K+ conductance, thus generating inhibitory post-synaptic potential; activated by agonist baclofen

72
Q

glycine channels

A

chloride channels that generate IPSP

73
Q

glycine is synthesized in what cells?

A

Renshaw cells (spinal cord)

74
Q

glycine channels are blocked by

A

strychnine

75
Q

glycine release is inhibited by what toxin

A

tetanus

76
Q

all norepinephrine receptors are metabotropic receptors that use G proteins and the second messenger….

A

cAMP

77
Q

two sites of neurogenesis in the adult brain

A
  1. subependymal zone in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles -> migrate through glial tubules to the olfactory bulb
  2. hippocampus -> subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus
78
Q

what is the resting membrane potential in the neuron?

A

between -60 and -70mV; closest to K+ equilibrium potential (-75mV)

79
Q

Na=K+ pump

A

3 Na out, 2 K in

80
Q

how can you increase the conduction velocity of an axon?

A
  1. increase axon diameter
  2. increase transmembrane resistance
  3. decrease internal resistance
  4. decrease membrane capacitance
  5. myelination
81
Q

proteins and phospholipids that make up myelin

A
  1. basic myelin protein
  2. myelin-associated glycoprotein
  3. proteolipid
  4. peripheral myelin protein 22
82
Q

myelin increases what to increase conduction velocity

A

increases transmembrane resistance and reduces membrane capacitance

83
Q

process of nerve regeneration after transection

A

synaptic transmission failure -> distal axon degeneration and phagocytosis (Wallerian degeneration) -> neuronal soma undergoes chromatolysis (peripheralization of rER and increased protein synthesis)-> end of proximal axon swells -> regeneration occurs when axons sprouts grow from the end of the proximal axonal segment and enter tissue remnants of distal stump

84
Q

do larger axons have larger stimulation thresholds?

A

no, lower stimulation thresholds

85
Q

larger axons are more sensitive to what….

A

hypothermia, compression and anoxia

86
Q

local anesthetics induce conduction blocks in large or small axons?

A

both; smaller axons initially, then larger

87
Q

Bell-magendie law

A

all sensory axons enter the dorsal root of the spinal cord, while all motor axons exits via the ventral root

88
Q

Group I (Aa) fibers

A

largest, fastest conducting fibers (70-120m/s)

Two subgroups:

1) Ia -> primary muscle spindle afferent
2) Ib -> afferents from Golgi tendon organs

89
Q

Group II (AB, Ay) fiber s

A

slower (30-70m/s); represent muscle spine secondary (flower-spray) afferents and cutaneous touch and pressure afferents

90
Q

Group III (Ad) fibers

A

even slower (4-30m/s); conduct information regarding temperature, light touch and fast/sharp pain

91
Q

Group I to Group III fibers. are all….

A

myelinated

92
Q

Group B fibers

A

preganglionic autonomic fibers found only in the ventral root

93
Q

Group C fibers

A

unmyelinated fibers that are much slower (0.4-2m/s) and mediate temperature and slow/burning pain.

94
Q

Aa fibers

A

very rapid; spinal cord alpha motor neuron efferents to extrafusal musculature

95
Q

Ay fibers

A

slower; impulses from y-motor neurons to intrafusal musculature (muscle spindles and GTO)

96
Q

What fibers violate the Bell-Magendie Law?

A

C fibers

97
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A
  • transmit flutter via AB fibers
  • small receptive fields
  • rapid adaptation
98
Q

Merkel’s disk receptors

A
  • transmit pressure via AB fibers
  • small receptive fields
  • slow adaptation
99
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A
  • transmit vibration via AB fibers
  • large receptive field
  • rapid adaptation
100
Q

Ruffini endings

A
  • sense skin stretch and transmit this modality via AB fibers
  • large receptive fields
  • slow adaptation

Neurosurgery Flash Cards (4 decks)

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