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Neurosurgery Flash Cards > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

vestibular pathway to cerebellum

A

vestibular nerve gives rise to afferent fibers that terminate in the vestibular nuclei in brainstem -> give rise to mossy fibers that pass through the inferior cerebellar peduncle to enter the ipsilateral flocculonodular lobe on same side

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2
Q

Cortical projections destined for the cerebellum first project to what three brainstem structures

A

pontine nuclei, inferior olivary nuclei and reticular formation

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3
Q

input and output for pontocerebellum

A

input: contralateral cerebral cortex to pontine nuclei (corticopontine fibers) -> cross midline and enter cerebellum via MCP
output: Purkinje cells to dentate nucleus -> cross in superior cerebellar peduncle-> thalamus (VL, VPL, centrolateral) -> primary motor cortex -> lateral corticospinal tract -> decussation -> ipsilateral coordination

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4
Q

efferent cerebellar fiber pathway to the thalamus involves what deep cerebellar nuclei

A

dentate

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5
Q

Functional organization of the cerebellum

A

1) vestibulocerebellum
2) spinocerebellum
3) pontocerebellum

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6
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A
  • composed primarily of the flocculonodular lobe
  • afferent fibers = mossy fibers from ipsilateral vestibular nuclei and vestibular ganglion via inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • also receives visual information from LGB, superior colliculus and striate cortex
  • efferent -> purkinje cells project to fastigial nucleus -> inferior cerebellar peduncle to vestibular nuclei -> vestibulospinal tract
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7
Q

function of cuneocerebellar tract

A

proprioceptive information from upper limb and upper part of the thorax

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8
Q

What are the interposed nuclei

A

globose and emboliform

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9
Q

what does PICA supply in the cerebellum?

A

inferior vermis, cerebellar tonsil, inferior cerebellar peduncle, inferolateral cerebellar hemisphere

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10
Q

output from the cerebellum is transmitted by what cells

A

Purkinje cells (inhibitory)

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11
Q

fibers of the inferior cerebellar peduncel

A

afferent

  • -dorsal spinocerebellar tract
  • cuneocerebellar tract
  • olivocerebellar tract
  • reticulocerebellar tract
  • vestibulocerebellar tract

efferent
-fastigial nucleus projections

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12
Q

Foramen of Magnendie

A

median aperture, constitutes an opening in the inferior medullary velum that opens 4th ventricle into cisterna magna

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13
Q

efferent fiber pathway to red nucleus involves what deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

globose and emboliform

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14
Q

Neurotransmitter for all the cells in the cerebellar cortex

A

1) Granule cells -> glutamate
2) Purkinje cells -> GABA
3) stellate cells -> GABA
4) Golgi cells -> GABA
5) basket cells -> GABA

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15
Q

input and output of spinocerebellum

A

input: dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts
- also information from auditory, visual and vestibular systems

output: Purkinje cells (vermis) to fastigial nucleus -> brainstem reticular formation, lateral vestibular nucleus and primary motor cortex

Purkinje cells (intermediate) -> globose and emboliform nuclei -> red nucleus -> rubrospinal tract and lateral corticospinal tract

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16
Q

efferent cerebellar pathway that projects to vestibular nuclei involves what deep cerebellar nucleus?

A

fastigial

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17
Q

Medial to lateral: list the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate

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18
Q

components of the spinocerebellum

A

vermis and intermediate part of the cerebellar hemisphere

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19
Q

How are climbing fibers and mossy fibers modulated?

A

through stellate, basket and Golgi cells. All of these cells are inhibitory (GABA).

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20
Q

fibers of the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

afferent:

-contralateral pontocerebellar fibers

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21
Q

Embryonic cerebellar layer

A

AKA external granule layer; present during the prenatal and early post-natal periods but is completely gone by 1st year of life

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22
Q

efferent cerebellar pathway to red nucleus

A

axons from globose and emboliform -> superior cerebellar peduncle -> CROSS MIDLINE -> synapse in contralateral red nucleus -> projects fibers via crossed rubrospinal tract -> therefore crossed twice to remain ispilateral -> influence flexor activity of the extremities

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23
Q

Efferents for each deep cerebellar nuclei

A

1) fastigial -> exit via the inferior cerebellar peduncle to the brainstem
2) all others -> exit via the superior cerebellar peduncle to cerebral cortex and brainstem

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24
Q

corticoreticulocerebellar pathway

A

BILATERAL projections to the reticular formation of the pons and medulla -> MOSSY FIBERS enter IPSILATERAL cerebellar hemisphere via inferior and middle cerebellar peduncle

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25
Q

How many cerebellar fissures?

A

two

1) primary -> separates anterior lobe from the posterior lobe on the superior surface
2) dorsolateral fissure -> separates posterior lobe form the flocculonodular lobe on inferior surface

26
Q

efferent cerebellar pathway to thalamus

A

dentate -> superior cerebellar peduncle -> crosses midline -> contralateral VENTROLATERAL/VENTROPOSTEROLATERAL/ CENTROLATERAL NUCLEI -> axons to internal capsule and corona radiata -> terminate in primary motor cortex ->influences motor neurons in cerebral cortex on contralateral side -> cortex then projects corticospinal tract -> decussates in medulla -> THEREFORE dentate nucleus influences motor activities on the same side of the body (coordination of the ipsilateral body)

27
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

originates in nucleus dorsalis (Clarkes column) -> UNCROSSED FIBERS enter the cerebellum via INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE -> terminates as mossy fibers

28
Q

The only excitatory afferent fiber system in the cerebellum?

A

Granule cells

29
Q

fastgial fiber pathway

A

exit cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle -> terminate on LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS BILATERALLY -> fibers descend uncrossed as the descending vestibulospinal tract -> influence extensor tone on the same side of the body

30
Q

destinations of efferent fibers from cerebellum

A

1) red nucleus
2) thalamus
3) vestibular complex
4) reticular formation

31
Q

spinal cord projections to cerebellum from what strucutures?

A

1) ventral spinocerebellar tract
2) dorsal spinocerebellar tract
3) cuneocerebellar tract

32
Q

cuneocerebellar tract

A

originates in the accessory cuneate nucleus of the medulla -> upper extremity equivalent of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract -> enters cerebellar hemisphere via INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

33
Q

Mossy fiber pathway

A

indirectly influence a large number of Purkinje cells by branching extensively in the granule cell layer -> synaptic contacts with the granule cells and Golgi type II cell bodies -> granule cells then project to the molecular layer where they bifurcate in a T shape manner to form PARALLEL FIBERS -> each of which snaps with large number of Purkinje cell dendrites

34
Q

What spinocerebellar tract is the only tract to enter the cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

ventral spinocerebellar tract

35
Q

climbing fiber pathway

A

inferior olive -> direct contact with dendrites on a limited number of Purkinje cells

36
Q

components of the cerebellar molecular layer

A

dendrites of Pukinje cells from the Purkinje layer and axons of granule cells; synaptic layers; +/- stellate and basket cells

37
Q

Corticopontocerebellar pathway

A

cortex -> corona radiata -> internal capsule -> pontine nuclei -> MOSSY FIBERS THAT CROSS MIDLINE TO REACH OPPOSITE CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE VIA MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

38
Q

Efferent (output) from the cerebellum exits via..

A

superior and inferior (fastigial) cerebellar peduncles

39
Q

How many lobes does the cerebellum have?

A

3 lobes:

1) anterior lobe (paleocerebellum)
2) posterior lobe (neocerebellum)
3) flocculonodular lobe (archicerebellum)

40
Q

Name the 5 cell types in the cerebellar cortex

A

stellate, basket, Purkinje, Golgi and granule cells

41
Q

origin of climbing fibers

A

inferior olive

42
Q

Two afferent fibers for the cerebellum

A

climbing fibers and mossy fibers

43
Q

How many layers to the cerebellar cortex?

A

Three

1) Molecular layer (outermost)
2) Pukinje layer
3) Deep Granular layer (innermost)

44
Q

function of dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

proprioceptive information from one side of the body (trunk and lower limbs) to cerebellum ipsilaterally

45
Q

ventral spinocerebellar tract

A

originates in ventral and intermediate gray matter of spinal cord -> fibers cross midline to enter ventral spinocerebellar tract contra laterally -> enters the cerebellum via SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE -> CROSSES AGAIN FOR 2ND TIME -> IPSILATERAL CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE AS MOSSY FIBERS

46
Q

The embryonic cerebellar layer is thought to be the cell of origin for what tumor?

A

medulloblastomas

47
Q

function of the spinocerebellum

A

regulate axial and proximal musculature; execution of movement and regulates muscle tone (flexor); gets feedback from reticular nuclei and corrects deviations from intended movement

48
Q

The synaptic connection between a mossy fiber and a granule cell is called a

A

Rosette

49
Q

Purkinje fibers located lateral hemisphere and vermis project to what deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Lateral -> dentate
vermis -> fastigial

in between -> globose and emboliform

50
Q

what does the AICA supply in the cerebellum?

A

flocculus, part of the dentate nucleus, inferior cerebellar hemisphere, choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle

51
Q

what does the superior cerebellar artery supply in the cerebellum?

A

superior vermis, superior cerebellar peduncle, deep nuclei, superior medullary velum, superior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere

52
Q

Input to the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

2 sources

1) excitatory input from fibers that originate in cells that lie outside the cerebellum
2) inhibitory input from fibers that arise from the Purkinje cells of the cortex

53
Q

cortico-olivocerebellar pathway

A

cortex -> corona radiata -> internal capsule -> terminates BILATERALLY in inferior olivary nucleus -> CLIMBING FIBERS THAT CROSS MIDLINE TO ENTER OPPOSITE CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE VIA INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

54
Q

What tracts outside the cerebellum send fibers to the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Pontocerebellar, spinocerebellar, and olivocerebellar

55
Q

function of the pontocerebellum

A

concerns volitional movements that are ongoing or are about to happen

56
Q

what is the function of the ventral spinocerebellar tract

A

mainly proprioceptive information from one side of the body (lower limbs) to the same side of the cerebellum

57
Q

Where do the Purkinje cells project to?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate, fastigial, emboliform and globose)

58
Q

Cerebellar Granular cell layer

A

consists of densely packed neurons that send axonal projections into the molecular layer; composed of Granule cell and Golgi Cells

59
Q

What forms the rostral and caudal aspects of the roof of the fourth ventricle?

A

rostral -> superior cerebellar peduncles

caudal -> inferior medullar velum

60
Q

function of vestibulocerebellum

A

concerned with adjustment of axial muscle tone and maintenance of equilibrium, as well as plays a role in eye movements, control and coordination of head and eye movements (via MLF)

61
Q

fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle

A

afferent:
-ventral spinocerebellar tract

efferent
-outputs from dentate, globose and emboliform nuclei

Neurosurgery Flash Cards (4 decks)

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