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physiology II > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major thalamic nuclei

A

-anterior
-posterior
-medial
-ventrolateral

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2
Q

Through what do the thalamic neurons send axons?

A

Internal capsule

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3
Q

What is the function of the internal capsule of the thalamus?

A

Each internal capsule carry information to the cortex about the contralateral side of the body

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4
Q

How does the cortex send information to lower limbs?

A

Through the thalamus

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5
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

Between the ascending and descending pathways of the brain

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6
Q

The thalamus is responsible for sending all sensory information to the cortex except…

A

Olfactory sensation

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7
Q

What does the thalamus act as?

A

An active relay station

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8
Q

How does active relay work?

A

Nuclei in the thalamus receive information specific to sensory modality and project it to a specific area of the cortex

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9
Q

The thalamus modulates the passage of specific information, depending on what?

A

Depending on the behavior state

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10
Q

What plays an important role in the initial processing of information?

A

Active relay of the the thalamus

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11
Q

Where from do the anterior thalamic nuclei receive their input and what is it involved in?

A

From the hypothalamus and hippocampus and it is involved in memory and emotion

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12
Q

Where form do the medial thalamic nuclei receive their input and what is it involved in?

A

From basal ganglia, amygdala, and midbrain and is involved in memory and emotion

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13
Q

Where form do the ventral (anterior and ventral lateral) thalamic nuclei receive their input and what is it involved in?

A

From basal ganglia and cerebellum, it is involved in motor control

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14
Q

Where form do the ventral (posterior lateral) thalamic nuclei receive their input and what is it involved in?

A

Form the spinal cord, and it is involved in somatosensory information (including pain)

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15
Q

Where form do the posterior thalamic nuclei receive their input and what is it involved in?

A

From the inner ear (medial geniculate) and retina (lateral geniculate), it is involved in hearing and vision

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16
Q

Where form do the intralaminar thalamic nuclei receive their input and what is it involved in?

A

From the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum, and it is involved in cortical arousal! Integration of sensory sub-modalities

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17
Q

What forms the outer layer of the thalamus?

A

The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN)

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18
Q

Name the non specific nuclei (diffuse projection) of the thalamus

A

-midline nuclei
-intralaminar nuclei
(associated with awareness, wakefulness, consciousness)

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19
Q

Where are the axons of TRN terminated ?

A

on the other thalamic nuclei and not interconnected with the cortex

20
Q

TRN is mostly what type of cells?

A

Inhibitory GABA cells

21
Q

most thalamic nuclei use what type of neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters (glutamate)
Except for TRN cells they are mostly inhibitory

22
Q

What is the function of TRN?

A

Modulates the stream of information between the thalamus and the cortex

23
Q

What are the two major neurons of the thalamus (dependent on behavioral context)

A

-projection neurons
-interneurons

24
Q

What are some characteristics of projection neurons

A

-long axons that go to layer 4 of the cerebral cortex
-each axon has collaterals that terminate in the reticular nucleus

25
Q

What are some characteristics of interneurons?

A

-their axons terminate locally within the same nucleus
-they process information within that nucleus (inhibit and allow information)

26
Q

What are the two major neurotransmitters that are used by neurons in the thalamus?

A

-GABA
-Glutamate

27
Q

Neurons found in the thalamic reticular nucleus and interneurons

A

GABA neurons

28
Q

The major neurotransmitter released by thalamic neurons projecting to the cortex

A

Glutamate

29
Q

Cortex to thalamus projections use what neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

30
Q

What does the the TRN of the thalamus act as?

A

A filtering system

31
Q

What helps sharpen contrast between stimuli?

A

Inhibitory inter-neurons within each relay nucleus

32
Q

What are the different mechanisms that underlie lateral inhibition to enhance the contrast between stimuli?

A

-feed back inhibitory process
-feed-forward inhibitory process
-distal inhibitory process

33
Q

Where does the distal inhibitory process occur?

A

-on terminals of primary sensory neurons
-on cell bodies of projection neurons

34
Q

Where are higher perceptual and cognitive functions performed?

A

In the cortex

35
Q

How is the cortex organized?

A

-Into vertical columns or slabs

36
Q

How is the cortex organized?

A

Into vertical columns or slabs

37
Q

In what layer of the brain are the vertical columns of the cortex?

A

They span all six layers from the cortical to the white matter

38
Q

The fundamental computational modulation of the neocortex are …..

A

Cortical columns

39
Q

Where do all neurons within a column receive input from?

A

They receive input from the same local area of skin and respond to a single class of receptors

40
Q

All neurons in a column usually respond to what?

A

They usually respond to only one modality:
-touch
-pressure
-temperature
-pain

41
Q

What does the anatomical structure that a column provides do?

A

It preserves the properties of lactation and modality

42
Q

What does stroke in thalamic area affect?

A

The nerve fibers in the internal capsule

43
Q

What part of the thalamus conveys neuronal input to and output form the cortex

A

Internal capsule

44
Q

What happens when there is a lesion in the thalamus?

A

1-thalamic syndrome

2-the threshold of pain, temperature, and tactile sensation will be raised on the contralateral side of the lesion

45
Q

Explain thalamic syndrome

A

Somatic modalities are diminished on the contralateral half of the half of the head and body (with no anesthesia)

46
Q

What is the line of communication between the thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord?

A

The internal capsule

47
Q

What do the fibers of the internal capsule convey?

A

Input and output from the cortex

physiology II (3 decks)

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