TH-67 Chapter 9 Flashcards
Immediate Action Emergency Actions
NOTE
The urgency of certain emergencies requires immediate and instinctive actions by the pilot. The most important single consideration is helicopter control. All procedures are subordinate to this requirement. If time permits during a critical emergency, transmit MAYDAY call, set transponder to emergency, turn the ELT ON, and lock the shoulder harness.
Land as soon as possible
Land without delay to the nearest suitable area (i.e. open field) in which a safe approach and landing is reasonably assured. (The primary consideration is to ensure the survival of the occupants.
Land as soon as practicable
The landing site and duration of the flight are at the discretion of the pilot. Extended flight beyond the nearest approved landing area is not recommended. (The primary consideration is the urgency of the emergency.)
Define Autorotate
Adjusting the flight controls as necessary to establish an autorotational descent and landing.
“Autorotate”
- Collective - Adjust as required to maintain rotor RPM (90 - 107%)
- “Pedals - Adjust” Crab or slip as required
- “Throttle - Adjust as necessary” Close as required
- “Airspeed - Adjust” as required
Define Emergency shutdown
Engine shutdown without delay
“Emergency Shutdown”
- “Throttle - Closed”
- “Fuel Valve Switch - Off”
- “Batt Switch - OFF as desired” Before turning the battery switch off during an in-flight emergency, the pilot should consider a “MAYDAY” call, selecting emergency on the transponder and the possible effects of a total electrical failure.
Before turing the battery switch off, the pilot should consider?
Making a Mayday call, setting emergency on the transponder, and possible effects of total electrical failure.
AUTOROTATIONAL AIRSPEEDS: Airspeed for minimum rate of descent
52 KIAS
AUTOROTATIONAL AIRSPEEDS: Airspeed for maximum glide distance
69 KIAS
After Emergency Action
After a malfunction of equipment has occurred, appropriate emergency actions have been taken and the helicopter is on the ground, an entry shall be made on DA Form 2408-13-1 describing the malfunction. Ground and flight operations shall be discontinued until corrective action has been taken.
Emergency Equipment on board
a. Fire extinguisher - located on the center pedestal between the pilot and the co-pilots stations.
b. First aid kit is located in one of the pouches by the passenger seat.
c. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT): See Chapter 2.
Emergency exit or entrance
Through either cabin or crew door. If the door(s) will not open, the windows should pop out if pressure is applied to the outer edges of the window. If the window will not pop out, kick out the plexiglass to exit the aircraft.
Partial or Complete Power Loss - WARNING
Do not respond to the RPM warning system by entering autorotation and reducing the throttle without first confirming engine malfunction by one or more of the other indications. Normal indications signify that the engine is functioning properly and that there is a tachometer generator failure or an open circuit to the warning system, rather than an actual engine malfunction.
Indications of an engine Malfunction (either partial or a complete power loss)
- Left yaw
- Drop in engine RPM (N1 and N2)
- Drop in rotor RPM Low RPM audio alarm (steady tone)
- Illumination of the LOW ROTOR RPM caution light
- Change in engine noise.
If the power loss is total, the ENGINE OUT warning light will activate and an intermittent (warbling) tone will be heard.
“Engine Failure at a hover”
- “Autorotate”
- “Emer Shutdown” - Accomplish after landing.
“Engine Failure - Low Altitude/Airspeed or Cruise.”
- “Autorotate”
- “Emer Shutdown” - Accomplish during descent if time permits.
“Engine Restart”
- “Throttle - Close”
- “Fuel Valve Switch - On”
- “Attempt start”
- “Land as soon as possible”
Engine Restart - CAUTION
Do not attempt air start above 12,000 feet MSL (TURB OUT TEMP rises too fast to control).
Engine Restart Considerations
After an engine failure in flight, an engine start may be attempted. Because the exact cause of engine failure cannot be determined in flight, the decision to attempt the start will depend on the altitude and time available, rate of desent, potential landing ares and crew assistance available. 52 to 60 KIAS is recommended during the descent. Under ideal conditions, approximately on minute is required to regain powered flight from the time the attempted start is begun. If the decision is made to attempt an in-flight start:
Engine Compressor Stall indications
- Sharp rumble or a series of loud sharp reports
- Severe engine vibration
- Rapid rise in TURB OUT TEMP
“Engine Compressor Stall”
- “Collective - Reduce”
- “Engine Anti-ice and Heater switches - OFF”
- “Land as soon as possible”
Engine Overspeed indications
- Right yaw
- Rapid increase in both rotor and engine RPM
- Increase in engine and rotor noise.
“Engine Overspeed”
- “Collective - Increase” to load the rotor and sustain engine/rotor RPM below the maximum operating limit.
- “Throttle - Adjust” until normal operating RPM is attained.
- “Land as soon as possible” Perform a power-on approach and landing by controlling the RPM manually with the throttle.
If RPM cannot be controlled by throttle adjustment.
- “Autorotate” when over a safe landing area.
- “Emer Shutdown” - Accomplish during descent if time permits.
“Engine Underspeed”
If an engine underspeed occurs, the collective must be adjusted downward to maintain rotor RPM within limits. If powered flight with rotor in the green can be accomplished:
- “Land as soon as possible” in an area that will permit a run-on landing.
An engine underspeed below 90% results in rotor RPM decay below minimum safe limits. Should this occur:
2. Autorotate
- Emer Shutdown - Accomplish during the descent if time permits.
“Engine Surges”
a. GOV INCR switch - INCR for maximum RPM
b. Throttle - Adjust to 97% N2
c. Land as soon as possible
If engine surges are not controlled in steps a. and b. above proceed as follows:
a. Autorotate - When over a safe landing area.
b. Emer Shutdown - Accomplish during descent if time permits.
Fuel boost pump failure
⚠ WARNING
Operation with both fuel boost pumps inoperative is not authorized. Due to possible fuel sloshing in unusual attitudes and out of trim conditions and one or both fuel pumps inoperative, the unusable fuel is ten gallons.
With one or both fuel boost pumps inoperative:
NOTE
The engine will operate without boost pump pressure under 6,000 feet pressure altitude and one boost pump will supply sufficient fuel for normal engine operations under all conditions of power and altitude. Both fuel boost pumps shall be operating for all normal operations.
A. Descend to below 6,000 feet pressure altitude if possible.
B. Land as soon as practicable.
“LOW INLET PRESSURE caution light ON”
- “ENGINE ALTERNATE AIR SWITCH - OPEN”
- “If caution light remains ON, Land As Soon As Possible.”
- If caution light goes out, Land As Soon As Practicable. Related engine parameters should be monitored frequently until landing.
“Engine Icing”
NOTE
When anti-ice system is ON, TOT will rise for same power setting.
- “ENGINE ANTI-ICING switch - ON” (if conditions warrant).
- “TURB OUT TEMP - Maintain within limits”
“If the engine oil pressure is below 50 PSI or the temperature is above 107*C”
- “Land as soon as possible”
NOTE
If engine oil pressure is falling or low and the oil temperature is rising or high, a severe leak may be present.
Air conditioning malfunction
The type of malfunction that would create a potential emergency involves a failure of the compressor or drive belt that would cause a noticable vibration or noise.
Air Conditioning and Fan switch - OFF
Land as soon as practicable.
Complete Loss of T/R thrust - Indications
a. This situation involves a break in the drive system, such as a severed driveshaft, causing the tail rotor to lose power.
b. Indications:
1. Pedal input has no effect on helicopter trim.
WARNING
Degree of roll and side-slip may be varied by throttle and/or collective. (At airspeeds below approximately 50 knots, the side-slip may become uncontrollable, and the helicopter will begin to spin on the vertical axis.)
2. Nose of the helicopter turns to right (left sideslip)
3. Left roll of fuselage along the longitudinal axis.
Complete Loss of T/R thrust - Procedures
- If safe landing area is not immediately available, continue powered flight to suitable landing area at or above minimum rate of descent autorotational airspeed.
- When landing area is reached, make an autorotational landing (THROTTLE CLOSED).
- Use airspeed above minimum rate of descent airspeed.
NOTE
Airflow around the vertical fin may permit controlled flight at low power levels and sufficient airspeed when a suitable landing site is not available; however, touchdown shall be accomplished with the throttle in the full closed position.
4. If run-on landing is possible, complete autortation with touchdown airspeed as required for directional control.
5. If a run-on landing is not possible, start decelerate from about 75 feet altitude, so that forward groundspeed is at a minimum when the helicopter reaches 10 to 20 feet; execute the touchdown with a rapid collective pull just prior to touchdown in a level attitude with minimum ground run.