TFN - MIDTERM COVERAGE (ALL) Flashcards
WHAT ARE NURSING THEORIES?
are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it.
WHAT ARE NURSING THEORIES? (2)
provide a way to define nursing as a unique discipline that is separate from other disciplines (e.g., medicine). It is a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide nursing practice at a more concrete and specific level.
_________, as a profession, is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled body of knowledge vital to nursing practice—nursing science.
NURSING
. To distinguish this foundation of knowledge,
nurses need to identify, develop, and understand concepts and theories in line with nursing.
As a science,
nursing is based on the theory of what nursing is, what nurses do, and why. Nursing is a unique discipline and is separate from medicine. It has its own body of knowledge on which delivery of care is based.
The development of nursing theory demands
an understanding of selected terminologies, definitions, and assumptions.
These are beliefs and values that define a way of thinking and are generally known and understood by a group or discipline.
PHILOSOPHY
A belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action. It refers to a logical group of general propositions used as principles of explanation. Theories are also used to describe, predict, or control phenomena.
THEORY
are often called the building blocks of theories. They are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images.
CONCEPT
are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns. They present an overview of the theory’s thinking and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice.
MODELS
A ______________________ is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It is often used interchangeably with the ___________________ and with _____________________
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (CONCEPTUAL MODEL, GRAND THEORIES)
_________ are statements that describe the relationship between the concepts.
PROPOSITION
is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline.
DOMAIN
are organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the desired result.
PROCESS
refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldview, or widely accepted value system.
PARADIGM
is the most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among four major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing.
METAPARADIGM
- In _____, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her “Environmental Theory” as “the act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery.”
1860
- In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her “____________” as “the act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery.”
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
- In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her “Environmental Theory” as “________________________________________________________”
the act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery.
- In the ____, there is a consensus among nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the production of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge.
1950s
- In ____, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice.
1952
- In 1952, _____________ introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
- In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her ____________________________ that emphasizes the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice.
Theory of Interpersonal Relations
- In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes ________________________________________________________________.
the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice
- In ____, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Thus her Nursing Need Theory was developed.
1955
- In 1955, ______________ conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Thus her Nursing Need Theory was developed.
Virginia Henderson
- In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the ________________________________. Thus her Nursing Need Theory was developed.
nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs
- In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Thus her __________________ was developed.
NURSING NEED THEORY
- In ____, Faye Abdellah published her work “Typology of 21 Nursing Problems,” which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach.
1960
- In 1960, __________ published her work “Typology of 21 Nursing Problems,” which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach.
Faye Glenn Abdellah
- In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work “_________________,” which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach.
Typology of 21 Nursing Problems
- In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work “Typology of 21 Nursing Problems,” which ___________________________________________________
shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach.
- In _______, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed nursing’s professional function as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help.
1962
- In 1962,____________ emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed nursing’s professional function as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help.
Ida Jean Orlando
In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the ____________________________________
reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed nursing’s professional function as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help
- In _____, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral System Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
1968
- In 1968, ______________ pioneered the Behavioral System Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
Dorothy Johnson
- In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the ____________________ and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
Behavioral System Model
- In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral System Model and upheld ______________________________
the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
- In ______, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe.
1970
- In 1970, _________ viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe.
Martha Rogers
- In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as
both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe
- In _______, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.
1971
- In 1971, ________________ stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.
DOROTHEA OREM
- In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that ________________________________________________________________________________.
nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs
- In 1971, ____________________ stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health.
Imogene King‘s Theory of Goal attainment
- In _______, Imogene King‘s Theory of Goal attainment stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health.
1971
nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and the _______________________ is for meeting goals towards good health.
nurse-patient relationship
- In 1971, Imogene King‘s Theory of Goal attainment stated that the __________________________________________________
nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health.
- In ____, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice.
1972
- In 1972, _________, in her theory, states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice.
BETTY NEUMAN
- In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that__________________________________________________________________
many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice.
- In ________, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain the balance between these various stimuli.
1979
- In 1979,_______________ viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain the balance between these various stimuli.
Sr. Callista Roy
- In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as _____________________________________________________
a set of interrelated systems that maintain the balance between these various stimuli.
- In _________, Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice.
1979
- In 1979, Jean Watson developed the philosophy of _________________________________________________________________
caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice.
- In 1979, ____________ developed the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice.
JEAN WATSON
Four major concepts are frequently interrelated and fundamental to nursing theory: person, environment, health, and nursing. These four are collectively referred to as _______
metaparadigm for nursing.
the four main concepts that make up the nursing metaparadigm. (PNEH)
PERSON, NURSING, ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH
the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of or in conjunction with, the client. There are numerous definitions of nursing, though nursing scholars may have difficulty agreeing on its exact definition. The ultimate goal of nursing theories is to improve patient care.
NURSING
RECEIPIENT OF NURSING CARE AND may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities
PERSON
degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences
HEALTH
is defined as the internal and external surrounds that affect the client
ENVIRONMENT
Each nurse theorist’s definition varies by their orientation, _________________, and different factors that affect the theorist’s nursing view.
nursing experience
The ______ is the main focus, but how each theorist defines the nursing metaparadigm gives a unique take specific to a particular theory. To give you an example, below are the different definitions of various theorists on the nursing metaparadigm:
person
COMPONENTS OF NURSING THEORIES (PCabconDtheopeRsA)
PHENOMENON
CONCEPTS
- ABSTRACT CONCEPTS
- CONCRETE CONCEPTS
DEFINITIONS
- THEORETICAL DEFINITIONS
- OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
RELATIONAL STATEMENTS
ASSUMPTIONS
For a theory to be a theory, it has to contain ________________________________________ that explain a phenomenon. It should also explain how these components relate to each other.
concepts, definitions, relational statements, and assumptions
A term given to describe an idea or response about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations. Phenomena may be temporary or permanent. Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing.
PHENOMENON
Interrelated concepts define a theory. Concepts are used to help describe or label a phenomenon. They are words or phrases that identify, define, and establish structure and boundaries for ideas generated about a particular phenomenon. Concepts may be abstract or concrete.
CONCEPTS
Defined as mentally constructed independently of a specific time or place.
ABSTRACT CONCEPTS
Are directly experienced and related to a particular time or place.
CONCRETE CONCEPTS
are used to convey the general meaning of the concepts of the theory. Definitions can be theoretical or operational.
DEFINITIONS
Define a particular concept based on the theorist’s perspective.
THEORETICAL DEFINITIONS
States how concepts are measured.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
define the relationships between two or more concepts. They are the chains that link concepts to one another.
RELATIONAL STATEMENTS
are accepted as truths and are based on values and beliefs. These statements explain the nature of concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory.
ASSUMPTIONS
Why are Nursing Theories Important?
Nursing theories are the basis of nursing practice today. In many cases, nursing theory guides knowledge development and directs education, research, and practice. Historically, nursing was not recognized as an academic discipline or as a profession we view today. Before nursing theories were developed, nursing was considered to be a task-oriented occupation. The training and function of nurses were under the direction and control of the medical profession.
Nursing theories help
recognize what should set the foundation of practice by explicitly describing nursing.
By defining nursing,
a nursing theory also helps nurses understand their purpose and role in the healthcare setting.
Theories serve as a _____ or ________________ for nursing interventions and give nurses the knowledge base necessary for acting and responding appropriately in nursing care situations.
rationale, scientific reasons
- Nursing theories provide the foundations of nursing practice, generate further knowledge, and indicate which direction nursing should develop in the future
(Brown, 1964).
- By providing nurses a sense of identity, nursing theory can help patients, managers, and other healthcare professionals to acknowledge and understand the unique contribution that nurses make to the healthcare service
(Draper, 1990).
- Nursing theories prepare the nurses to reflect on the assumptions and question the nursing values, thus ___________________________________________________
further defining nursing and increasing the knowledge base.
- Nursing theories aim to define, predict, and demonstrate nursing phenomenon
(Chinn and Jacobs, 1978).
In many cases, nursing theories guide knowledge development and directs education, research, and practice, although each influences the others.
(Fitzpatrick and Whall, 2005).
refers to the body of knowledge, theories, principles, and practices that are specific to nursing.
NURSING DISCIPLINE
It encompasses the academic and scientific foundation of nursing, including the theories and models that underpin nursing practice.
NURSING DISCIPLINE
is concerned with promoting and maintaining the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities through a holistic approach.
NURSING AS A DISCIPLINE
It involves the study of various aspects of nursing, including nursing ethics, research, education, and leadership.
NURSING DISCIPLINE
refers to the organized and regulated occupation or career path that individuals pursue within the field of nursing.
THE NURSING PROFESSION
It involves the application of the knowledge and skills acquired through education and training to provide patient care and other nursing services.
NURSING PROFESSION
is governed by a set of standards, codes of ethics, and regulations that ensure the quality of care and protect the interests of patients.
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
are often required to meet specific educational and licensure requirements and adhere to ethical standards and legal regulations.
PROFESSIONAL NURSES
The _________________________ encompasses the knowledge and principles that form the foundation of nursing practice, while the ________________________ involves the practical application of this knowledge in a structured and regulated manner.
NURSING DISCIPLINE, NURSING PROFESSION
____________________ are expected to uphold the standards and ethics of the profession while providing care to patients. These two aspects are interconnected, as a strong nursing discipline supports the development of a competent nursing profession.
NURSING PROFESSIONALS,
Hildegard E. Peplau’s Theory
THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS in 1950s
Hildegard E. Peplau has been described as the ___________________________ because her theoretical and clinical work led to the development of the distinct specialty field of ________________.
mother of psychiatric nursing, psychiatric nursing
Peplau provided major leadership in the professionalization of Nursing. She promoted professional standards and regulation through ______________-.
credentialing
Her seminal book, ____________________________________, describes the importance of the nurse-patient relationship as a “significant, therapeutic interpersonal process” and is recognized as the first nursing theory textbook since Nightingale’s work in the 1850s.
Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (1952)
She discussed four psychobiological experiences that compel destructive or constructive patient responses, as follows: (NFCA)
needs, frustrations, conflicts, and anxieties.
Peplau identified four phases of the nurse-patient relationship— ,
orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution (termination)
diagrammed changing aspects of nurse-patient relationships and proposed and described six nursing roles:
stranger, resource person, teacher, leader, surrogate, and counselor.
4 PHASES OF THE NURSE-PATIENTS RELATIONSHIP (NAKA-DIAGRAM)
ON ADMISSION
DURING INTENSIVE TREATMENT PERIOD
CONVALESCENCE AND REHABILITATION
DISCHARGE
This theory is often used as a framework for understanding the nurse-patient relationship and guiding nursing practice. Peplau’s theory emphasizes the importance of the interpersonal relationship between the nurse and the patient in the healing process.
Interpersonal Relations Theory
5 Key Components of Peplau’s theory for the practice of nursing:
ORIENTATION
IDENTIFICATION
EXPLOITATION
RESOLUTION
TERMINATION
This is the initial phase of the nurse-patient relationship. During this phase, the nurse and the patient get to know each other. The nurse assesses the patient’s needs, gathers information about their health history, and establishes trust and rapport.
ORIENTATION P
In this phase, the patient begins to identify their health goals and needs more clearly. The nurse assists the patient in identifying their emotional responses and helps them express their feelings and concerns.
IDENTIFICATION P
During this phase, the patient derives full value from the therapeutic relationship. They take advantage of the nurse’s expertise and actively engage in problem-solving and goal-setting. The nurse provides education, support, and resources to help the patient achieve their health-related goals.
EXPLOITATION P
: In the final phase, the nurse-patient relationship comes to a close. The patient has met their health objectives, and the nurse helps them evaluate their progress and the outcomes of care. This phase may also involve the emotional separation of the patient and nurse.
RESOLUTION P
This phase marks the formal conclusion of the nurse-patient relationship. The nurse and patient say their goodbyes, and the nurse helps the patient transition to other sources of support if necessary.
TERMINATION PHASE
is of paramount importance in nursing for a variety of reasons. It plays a central role in the nurse-patient relationship and has far-reaching effects on patient care, safety, and outcomes.
COMMUNICATION
Effective communication helps nurses build trust and rapport with their patients. When patients feel heard, understood, and respected, they are more likely to trust their nurses and be open about their health concerns.
Establishing Trust and Rapport:
Communication is a primary tool for assessing patients. Nurses gather information about a patient’s medical history, symptoms, and concerns through verbal and non-verbal communication. Accurate data collection is essential for making informed clinical decisions.
Assessment and Data Gathering
Nurses are responsible for providing patients with information about their conditions, treatment options, medications, and self-care. Clear and effective communication is necessary to ensure that patients understand their health issues and can make informed decisions about their care.
PATIENT EDUCATION
Nurses often collaborate with other healthcare professionals, including doctors, therapists, and social workers. Effective communication ensures that all team members are on the same page, leading to coordinated and comprehensive care.
COLLABORATION
Miscommunication can lead to medication errors, wrong treatments, or other patient safety issues. Clear and concise communication among healthcare providers reduces the risk of errors that can harm patients.
SAFETY
Nurses often serve as patient advocates, ensuring that patients’ voices are heard and their needs are met. Effective communication is essential for advocating for patients’ rights and preferences.
ADVOCACY
Patients and their families may experience stress, anxiety, or fear when dealing with illness or healthcare settings. Nurses provide emotional support through their presence and communication, helping patients cope with their emotions.
EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
Patients have the right to make informed decisions about their care. Nurses facilitate this by providing information, answering questions, and clarifying options through effective communication.
INFORMED DECISION-MAKING
Nurses need to be culturally competent, as patients come from diverse backgrounds. Effective communication includes understanding and respecting cultural differences and preferences in communication styles.
CULTURAL COMPETENCE
Accurate and thorough documentation of patient information, care plans, and interactions is essential in nursing. Proper documentation ensures continuity of care and legal accountability.
DOCUMENTATION
Healthcare settings can involve disagreements or conflicts among patients, families, and healthcare providers. Nurses with strong communication skills can help de-escalate conflicts and find solutions.
CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Effective communication contributes to quality improvement efforts in healthcare. Feedback and information exchange among staff members can identify areas for improvement in patient care processes.
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
is a critical attribute in nursing practice, and its importance cannot be overstated. It plays a central role in the nurse-patient relationship and contributes significantly to the overall quality of care.
EMPATHY
Empathetic nurses are better able to understand and connect with their patients on an emotional level. This understanding allows them to provide care that is tailored to the individual needs, preferences, and values of each patient, promoting a patient-centered approach to healthcare.
ENHANCED PATIENT-CENTERED CARE
Empathy facilitates effective communication between nurses and patients. When nurses show empathy, patients are more likely to open up and share important information about their condition, concerns, and emotions. This, in turn, leads to better assessment and care planning.
IMPROVED COMMUNICATION
Patients who perceive that their nurses are empathetic are more likely to report higher levels of satisfaction with their care. Feeling heard, valued, and understood by healthcare providers contributes to a positive patient experience.
INCREASED PATIENT SATISFACTION
Empathy helps nurses establish trust and rapport with their patients. When patients feel that their nurses genuinely care about their well-being, they are more likely to trust their recommendations and follow their treatment plans.
ENHANCED TRUST AND RAPPORT
Illness and hospitalization can be emotionally distressing for patients. Empathetic nurses offer emotional support by acknowledging and validating patients’ feelings, reducing anxiety, and promoting a sense of comfort and security.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
Patients often experience anxiety and stress in healthcare settings. Empathetic nurses can help alleviate these feelings by providing reassurance, explaining procedures, and being present during challenging moments.
REDUCED ANXIETY AND STRESS
Empathy can improve pain management. Nurses who understand and acknowledge patients’ pain can better assess and address their pain levels, leading to more effective pain control.
BETTER PAIN MANAGEMENT
Research has shown that empathy can have a positive impact on patients’ healing and recovery processes. Patients who receive empathetic care may experience reduced complications, shorter hospital stays, and improved overall outcomes.
ENHANCED HEALING AND RECOVERY
Patients are more likely to adhere to treatment plans and medication regimens when they feel supported and understood. Empathetic nurses can encourage patient compliance by fostering a sense of partnership in care.
IMPROVED PATIENT COMPLIANCE
Empathy is aligned with the ethical principles of nursing, which emphasize the importance of treating patients with dignity, respect, and compassion. Empathetic care upholds these ethical standards.
ETHICAL AND COMPASSIONATE CARE
a cornerstone of nursing practice that enhances patient care, communication, and satisfaction. It contributes to better patient outcomes, promotes trust and rapport, and aligns with the core values and ethics of nursing. Empathetic nurses are better equipped to provide holistic and compassionate care, addressing not only the physical needs but also the emotional and psychological well-being of their patients.
EMPATHY
a critical skill in various contexts, including healthcare, counseling, education, and interpersonal relationships. In nursing and healthcare, in particular, active listening is of paramount importance due to its numerous benefits and contributions to patient care and the nurse-patient relationship.
ACTIVE LISTENING
Active listening involves not only hearing the words spoken by the patient but also understanding the underlying message and emotions. This leads to more effective and meaningful communication between nurses and patients.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Active listening allows nurses to gather comprehensive and accurate information from patients. By paying attention to patients’ verbal and non-verbal cues, nurses can assess their physical and emotional states more thoroughly.
ACCURATE ASSESSMENT
Gathering precise information through active listening aids in making accurate diagnoses and creating individualized care plans. Nurses can identify patient needs and concerns more effectively, leading to better outcomes.
IMPROVED DIAGNOSIS AND CARE PLANNING
Active listening promotes empathy by helping nurses connect with patients on an emotional level. Understanding and acknowledging patients’ feelings and experiences contribute to a more compassionate and patient-centered approach to care.
ENHANCED EMPATHY
Patients who feel heard and understood are more likely to report higher levels of satisfaction with their healthcare experiences. Active listening demonstrates a commitment to meeting patients’ needs and preferences.
PATIENT SATISFACTION
Active listening can reduce patients’ anxiety and stress levels. When patients have the opportunity to express their worries and fears, it can provide emotional relief and a sense of support.
REDUCED ANXIETY AND STRESS
Active listening builds trust between nurses and patients. When patients feel that their concerns are taken seriously and that they have an active role in their care, trust in the healthcare provider is strengthened.
BUILDING TRUST
In situations where conflicts or misunderstandings arise, active listening can help nurses navigate these challenges effectively. By listening carefully to both patients and their families, nurses can find solutions and address concerns.
CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Effective communication through active listening is crucial for patient safety. Misunderstandings or incomplete information can lead to errors in care, which may have serious consequences. Active listening helps prevent such errors.
PATIENT SAFETY
Active listening is a fundamental component of patient-centered care, which focuses on tailoring healthcare to individual patient needs, values, and preferences. It allows nurses to better understand what matters most to the patient.
PATIENT-CENTERED CARE
Active listening is not only beneficial for patient care but also for nurses’ professional development. It fosters improved communication skills, empathy, and rapport-building abilities, which are essential in nursing practice.
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
is a cornerstone of effective nursing practice. It supports accurate assessment, compassionate care, patient satisfaction, and trust-building. Nurses who actively listen to their patients create a therapeutic environment where patients feel valued, heard, and involved in their care, ultimately leading to better health outcomes and a more positive nurse-patient relationship.
ACTIVE LISTENING
are systematic and organized frameworks that provide a foundation for nursing practice, research, and education. Nursing theories help nurses understand, explain, and predict healthcare phenomena, and they guide nursing practice.
NURSING THEORIES
THE 14 COMPONENTS OF NURSING THEORIES - CPADRMNGNPHRCE
- CONCEPTS
- PHENOMENA
- ASSUMPTIONS
- DEFINITIONS
- RELATIONSHIPS
- MODELS
- NURSING PROCESS
- GOALS AND OUTCOMES
- NURSING ROLES
- PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- HISTORICAL
- RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE
- CONTRIBUTORS
- EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Nursing theories are built on ___________, which are abstract notions that represent aspects of nursing and healthcare. ______________ in nursing theories might include health, nursing, patient, environment, and wellness.
CONCEPTS
Nursing theories aim to explain and predict specific ______________ or processes within healthcare. These phenomena can range from how patients experience pain to how nurses provide care in different settings.
PHENOMENA
________________ are the foundational beliefs or values that underlie a nursing theory. These _____________ shape the theory’s perspective and help to define its scope. For example, an ___________ might be that nurses play a critical role in promoting patient well-being.
ASSUMPTIONS
Nursing theories often provide precise ______________ for the concepts they use. These _______________ help clarify the meaning of terms within the context of the theory.
DEFINITIONS
Nursing theories describe the ____________ between concepts and variables. These ___________ can be causal, correlational, or predictive and provide a framework for understanding how different aspects of nursing interact.
RELATIONSHIPS
Some nursing theories use __________ or diagrams to illustrate the relationships and interactions between concepts. Models can help visualize the theory and make it more accessible.
MODELS
Many nursing theories include a description of the __________________, which outlines the steps that nurses should follow when providing care. This often includes assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
NURSING PROCESS
Nursing theories often outline the goals and expected outcomes of nursing care. These can be specific to a particular theory or more general, such as improving patient health and well-being.
GOALS AND OUTCOMES
Nursing theories may define the roles and responsibilities of nurses within the healthcare system. They can provide guidance on how nurses should interact with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.
NURSING ROLES
Some nursing theories include practice guidelines that offer specific recommendations for nursing care based on the theory’s principles. These guidelines can inform evidence-based practice.
PRACTICE GUIDELINES
Understanding the _______________________ in which a nursing theory was developed can be important for appreciating its relevance and significance. It can help explain the motivations and influences that shaped the theory.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Nursing theories may be supported by research and empirical evidence. The extent to which a theory is substantiated by research can impact its acceptance and use in nursing practice.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE
Acknowledging the theorists and scholars who developed and contributed to a nursing theory is important for recognizing their intellectual contributions.
CONTRIBUTORS
Some nursing theories have evolved and been refined over time as new information and insights emerged. Understanding the development of a theory can be valuable for its application in contemporary nursing practice.
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Criteria for evaluating theory-testing research in nursing: (CIEIII)
- Continued development of nursing theories that are relevant to nurses’ specialty practice
- Increased collaboration between scientists and practitioners
- Encouraging nurse researchers to communicate research findings to practitioners
- Increased efforts to relate middle-range theories to nursing paradigms
- Increased emphasis on clinical research
- Increased use of nursing theories for theory-based practice and clinical decision making
