Texts for Final

Question 1

freedom, right of the strongest, slavery, general will, the sovereign, voting

Answer 1

The Social Contract

by Rousseau

middle third of the 18th century (1762)

Question 2

release from self incurred tutelage, freedom, independent thinking, religion

Answer 2

What is Enlightenment?

by Kant

last third of the 18th century (1784)

Question 3

superstition

we are all children of the same father of God

compares religion to dialects within Italian language

Answer 3

Treatise on Toleration

by Voltaire

middle third of the 18th century (1763)

Question 4

laws, slavery, punishment, innocent until guilty, capital punishment

Answer 4

On Crimes and Punishments

by Beccaria

middle third of the 18th century (1764)

Question 5

even the most determined adversaries of slavery worried about the consequences of immediate abolition, especially for the French economy

advocates of abolition put forward a variety of proposals for gradual emancipation and restructuring of the colonial economies

mentions the vote on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which did not go unnoticed by those who favored abolition of the slave trade and eventual emancipation of the slaves

Answer 5

The Abolition of Negro Slavery or Means for Ameliorating Their Lot

presented to the National Assembly

last third of the 18th century (1789)

Question 6

third estate is everything

it has no power but needs it

turns the usual discussion about voting procedures in the forthcoming Estates General into a searing critique of French political and social inequities and in particular the privileges of the nobility

at issue were not the rights of small minorities or enslaved people far away in colonies, but rather the most fundamental features of the French social order at home

Answer 6

What is the Third Estate?

by Sieyès

last third of the 18th century

Question 7

provides declaration of the rights of women to parallel the one for men, thus criticizing the deputies for having forgotten women

she addressed the pamphlet to the queen, Marie Antoinette, although she also warned the queen that she must work for the Revolution or risk destroying the monarchy altogether

in her postscript, she denounced the customary treatment of women as objects easily abandoned

she appended to the declaration a sample form for a marriage contract that called for communal sharing of property

uses plenty of enlightenment ideas, such as sovereignty

Answer 7

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman

by Olympe de Gouges

last third of the 18th century (1791)