textbook unit 1 Flashcards
The word “health” comes from the words______ and _______
Hale and Whole
what do “Hale and Whole Refer to?
a state of soundness of the body
health psychology
The application of psychological principles and research to the enhancement of health and the prevention and treatment of illness.
health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
the life expectancy of high-income countries
79 to 81
the life expectancy of low-income cuntries
under 50 years of age
__ancestors have longer life expectancy than__
European, African American.
How Many Deaths in can be prevented by controlling underage drinking and excessive Alcohol
1000,000 deaths
______ have Higher Disease Rates then ____ during middle Age
Women, Men
___ ranks Worst among ___ wealthy nations as measured by Life expectancy
U.S. , 11
health disparities
Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations.
__ancestors have longer life expectancy than__
how much Deaths can the controol of underage and exessive use of alchohol prevent
How Many deaths can be prevented by eliminating public possession of firearms?
35,000 deaths
how many deaths can prevented by eliminating all forms of tobacco?
400,000
how many deaths can prevented by having Better nutrition and exercise programs ?
300,000
how many deaths can prevented by reduction in risky sexual behaviors
30,000
how many deaths can prevented by having Full access to immunizations
100,000
What types of deaths can prevented by Control of underage use and excess use of alcohol
Veichle accidents and other alcohol-related injuries.
What types of deaths can prevented by Elimination of all forms of tobacco
Cancer, stroke, and heart disease.
What types deaths can prevented by Better nutrition and exercise programs
Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and stroke.
What types of deaths can prevented by a reduction in risky sexual behaviors
Sexually transmitted diseases.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA),
A federal law aimed at reducing the number of people in the United States who do not have health insurance, as well as lowering the costs of health care.
what are the goals of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)?
to decrease the number of people who do not have health insurance and to lower the costs of health care
Who is Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.E.)?
Father of western medicine : Psychological Aspects health/illness
Humoral Theory:
concept of health proposed by Hippocrates that considered wellness a state of perfect equilibrium among four basic fluids called humors
What is Hippocrates known for?
- First to Argue that disease is a natural phenomenon and that the causes of disease and treatments/prevention are worth a serious study
- Proposed the first Rational explanation as to why people get sick:
2 goals and targets for Adolecent Health
- Increase the proportion of adolescents who have had a wellness checkup in the past 12 months (target: 75.6%)
- Reduce the proportion of adolescents who have been offered, sold, or given an illegal drug on school property (target: 20.4%)
target number for Increasing the proportion of adolescents who have had a wellness checkup in the past 12 months
75.6%
target number for Reducing the proportion of adolescents who have been offered, sold, or given an illegal drug on school property
20.4%
2 goals and targets for Physical Activity
Increase the amount of adults who engage in aerobic physical activity of at least moderate intensity for at least 150 minutes/week, or 75 minutes/week of vigorous intensity, or an equivalent combination
Increase the amount of the nation’s public and private schools that require daily physical education for all students
2 goals and targets for nutrition/ weight status
Increase the amount of schools that do not sell or offer calorically sweetened beverages to students (target: 21.3%)
Increase the proportion of adults who are at a healthy weight (target: 33.9%)
2 goals and targets for Reduce Injury and Violence
Reduce unintentional injury deaths (target: 36.0 deaths per 100,000 population)
Reduce motor vehicle crash–related deaths (target: 12.4 deaths per 100,000 population)
2 goals and targets for sleep health
Increase the proportion of adults who get sufficient sleep (target: 70.9%)
Reduce the rate of vehicular crashes per 100 million miles traveled that are due to drowsy driving (target: 2.1 vehicular crashes per 100 million miles traveled)
Hippocratic Oath,
CHI
means the same thing as QI but it’s spelled differently
it is a vital energy or life force that ebbs and flows with the changes in each persons mental and physical health
trephination.
primitive form of surgery. that consisted of drilling human skulls containing irregularly shaped holes that were apparently drilled by early healers to allow disease-causing demons to leave patients’
ware was trephination Practiced ?
in Europe, Egypt, India, and Central and South America.
The Nile Theory
the belief that the body had similar channels carrying air, water, and blood, and that people became sick when blockages
epidemic
Literally, among the people; an epidemic disease is one that spreads rapidly among many individuals in a community at the same time.
pandemic
A pandemic disease is one that affects people over a large geographical area, such as multiple continents or worldwide.
how did The fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E. ushered in the Middle Ages view illnesses
ideas about health and disease. Illness was viewed as God’s punishment for evildoing;
what was the treatment to medicine in the middle ages
attempts to force evil spirits out of the body. There were few scientific advances in European medicine during these thousand years.
William Morton (1819–1868),
American dentist, introduced the gas ether as an anesthetic (Thankfully)
what did the invention of anesthetic allow the helthcare system to do?
made it possible to operate on patients, who experienced no pain during procedures and remained completely relaxed throughout the procedures.
Wilhelm Roentgen (1845–1943)
German Physicist who discovered x-rays 50 years later, making it possible for the first time for physicians to directly
what did the discovery of x rays allow the helthcare sustems to do
allowed doctors to observe internal organs in a living person. .
René Descartes (1596–1650),
Most Influencial French philosopher and mathematician
What did Descartes do?
He described all the basic reflexes of the body, constructing elaborate mechanical models to demonstrate his principles.
what did descartes believe?
that disease occurred when the machine broke down, and the physician’s task was to repair the machine.
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)
anatomist and artist that publish an authoritative, seven-volume study of the internal organs, musculature, and skeletal system of the human body.
mind– body dualism (or Cartesian dualism
Descartes view that is based on the doctrine that humans have two natures, mental and physical
what is the results of this theory.
lasting bias in Western medicine against the importance of psychological processes in health
William Harvey (1578–1657)
English physician who offered the first detailed description of the circulation of blood, and he also noted that emotions were often associated with how the heart functioned.
preacher John Fothergill (1656–1745)
noteworthy for being the first to identify diseases that affect the nerves and also for emphasizing the importance of practicing temperance and self-control in maintaining health
Surgeon John Hunter (1728–1793)
one of the most distinguished scientists of his day,
what did Hunter do?
was an early advocate of careful observation and the importance of applying the scientific method in medicine.
worked in the era that michroscopes were developed
What did michroscopes allow scientists to do?
Allowed scientists to view blood cells and the structure of skeletal muscles.
Louis Pasteur
meticulous work in isolating bacteria in the laboratory,
(Germ Theory)
Then showing that life can come only from existing life, paved the way for germ-free surgical procedures.
germ theory of disease
the idea that bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that invade body cells cause them to malfunction
health psychology:
The application of psychological principles and research to the enhancement of health and the prevention and treatment of illness.
Health:
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
health disparities:
Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA):
A federal law aimed at reducing the number of people in the United States who do not have health insurance, as well as lowering the costs of health care.
Epidemic:
Literally, among people; an epidemic disease is one that spreads rapidly among many individuals in a community at the same time.
Pandemic:
the disease is one that affects people over a large geographical area, such as multiple continents or worldwide.
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.): Positions
philosopher/physician.
father of Western medicine,
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.): famus because
he was the first to argue that disease is a natural phenomenon and that the causes of disease (and therefore their treatment and prevention) are knowable and worthy of serious study.
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.): invention
Hippocratic Oath
built the earliest foundation for a scientific approach to healing. Historically,
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.): invention
Hippocratic Oath
built the earliest foundation for a scientific approach to healing. Historically,
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.): theories
humoral theory,
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564):
, Anatomist and Artist, MD.
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564): invention
publish an authoritative, seven-volume study of the internal organs, musculature, and skeletal system of the human body.
René Descartes (1596–1650),
French philosopher and mathematician
René Descartes (1596–1650), known for
his beliefs that the mind and body are autonomous processes that interact minimally, and that each is subject to different laws of causality.
René Descartes (1596–1650), invention
whose first innovation was the concept of the human body as a machine
René Descartes (1596–1650), thory
Mind Body Dualism (Cartesian Dualism)
The Nile Theory
The body had similar channels carrying air, water, and blood, and people became sick when blockages occurred.
humoral theory:
A concept of health proposed by Hippocrates considered wellness a state of perfect equilibrium among four basic body fluids, called humour. Sickness was believed to be the result of disturbances in the balance of humour.
William Harvey (1578-1657):
English Physician,
offered the first detailed description of the circulation of blood, and he also noted that emotions were often associated with how the heart functioned.
Physician and Quaker preacher John Fothergill (1656–1745):
First to identify diseases that affect the nerves and also for emphasizing the importance of practicing temperance and self-control in maintaining health
Surgeon John Hunter (1728–1793):
Most Distinguished scientist
early advocate of careful observation and the importance of applying the scientific method in medicine.
Louis Pasteur:
French Biologist and Chemist:
- work in isolating bacteria in the laboratory, then showing that life can come only from existing life, paved the way for germ-free surgical procedures.
- research in support of the Germ Theory
William Morton (1819–1868):
American Dentist,
introduced gas either as an anesthetic
- allows doctors to operate on patients while they feel no pain during surgery as they become really relaxed or go to sleep
Wilhelm Roentgen (1845–1943)
discovered x-rays
- Makes it possible for physicians to observe internal organs in a living person. Before the end of the nineteenth century
biomedical model:
The dominant view of twentieth-century medicine maintains that illness always has a physical cause. (assumes disease is the result of a pathogen)
Pathogen:
A virus, bacterium, or some other microorganism that causes a particular disease.
psychosomatic medicine
A branch of psychiatry that developed in the 1900s and focused on the diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases believed to be caused by emotional conflicts. (Grounded in the Frudarian theory)
psychosomatic medicine Views illness as
Multifactorial:
what is a Multifactorial view
Many diseases are caused by the interaction of several factors rather than by a single invading and bacterial or viral agent
host factors
vulnerability or resiliency
environmental factors
such as diet, exercise, and smoking
behavioural factors
such as diet, exercise, and smoking
psychological factors
such as optimism and overall “hardiness
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939):
Trained as physician
what did Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) do?
labelled such illnesses as conversion disorders
believed they were caused by unconscious emotional conflicts that had been “converted” into a physical form.
Franz Alexander :
became intrigued by the possibility that psychological factors might be involved.
nuclear conflict model
Helped establish Psychosomatic medicine
Nuclear Conflict Model:
each physical disease is the outcome of a fundamental or nuclear psychological conflict.
The Nile Theory:
the body had similar channels carrying air, water, and blood, and that people became sick when blockages occurred.
biopsychosocial model:
The viewpoint that health and other behaviours are determined by the interaction of biological mechanisms, psychological processes, and social influences.
genome
women with high-risk family health history patterns for breast cancer may benefit from genetic testing for specific mutations, such as in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes; such testing would enable medical interventions to reduce the women’s risk of developing cancer.
Epigenetic:
The effects of environmental forces on how genes are expressed.
birth cohort:
A group of people who, because they were born at about the same time, experience similar historical and social conditions.
acute disorder:
An illness or other medical problem that occurs over a short period of time.
communicable diseases:
developed countries today consider preventable,
tuberculosis and diphtheria
noncommunicable:
that are not spread by infection and that people live with and manage with the help of health care providers,
chronic illness:
An illness that lasts a long time and is usually irreversible.
socioeconomic status (SES):
A person’s position in society as determined by education, income, and occupation.
immigrant paradox:
immigrant paradox The finding that, although low socioeconomic status usually predicts poor health, this is not true for some ethnic groups, such as Hispanics, in the United States.
ecological systems approach
The viewpoint that nature is best understood as a hierarchy of systems, in which each system is simultaneously composed of smaller subsystems and larger, interrelated systems.
positive health:
The scientific study of health assets, which are factors that produce longer life, reduce illness, and increase overall well-being.
health literacy
The ability to understand health information and use it to make good decisions about one’s health.
Massification:
The transformation of a product or service that once was available to only the wealthy such that it becomes accessible to everyone. Applied to education and health, it is the idea that college can benefit everyone.
In the earliest-known cultures 3 pt
illness was believed to result from mystical forces and evil spirits that invaded the body.
Hippocrates developed the first rational approach to the study of health and disease.
Non-Western forms of healing, including TCM and ayurveda, developed simultaneously.
In Europe during the Middle Ages
scientific studies of the body (especially dissection) were forbidden, and ideas about health and disease took on religious overtones. Illness was viewed as punishment for evildoing, and treatment often involved physical torture.
French philosopher René Descartes advancements in his theory of mind-body dualism 3 pt
the belief that the mind and body are autonomous processes, each subject to different laws of causality.
Descartes’s influence ushered in an era of medical research based on the scientific study of the body.
This research gave rise to anatomical, cellular, and germ theories of disease.
The dominant view in modern medicine
biomedical model,
biomedical model, assumes that
2pt
the disease is the result of some pathogen invading the body.
Because it makes no provision for psychological, social, or behavioural factors in illness, the model embraces both reductionism and mind–body dualism.
Sigmund Freud / Franz Alexander: 2pt
promoted the idea that specific diseases could be caused by unconscious conflicts.
These views were expanded into the field of psychosomatic medicine,
psychosomatic medicine
concerned with the treatment and diagnosis of disorders caused by faulty processes within the mind
why did Psychosomatic medicine fell out of favour?
because it was grounded in psychoanalytic theory and predicated on the outmoded idea that a single problem is sufficient to trigger the disease.
The life-course perspective
psychology focuses attention on how aspects of health and illness vary with age, as well as how birth cohort experiences (e.g., shifts in public health policy) influence health.
sociocultural perspective
calls attention to how social and cultural factors, such as ethnic variations in dietary practice and beliefs about the causes of illness, affect health.
gender perspective
calls attention to male–female differences in the risk of specific diseases and conditions, as well as in various health- enhancing and health-compromising behaviors.
The biopsychosocial model
the model combines these perspectives, recognizing that biological, psychological, and social forces act together to determine an individual’s health and vulnerability to disease.
The new field of epigenetics
focuses on environmental factors near and around genes that affect their expression. An evolutionary perspective guides the work of many health psychologists.
According to the ecological-systems model, health is best understood as a
a hierarchy of systems in which each system is simultaneously composed of smaller subsystems and part of larger, more encompassing systems.
three primary activities of Health psychologists
3pt
teaching,
research,
and clinical intervention.
settings Health psychologists work in 8pt
hospitals,
universities
medical schools,
health maintenance organizations, rehabilitation clinics,
private practice,
increasingly,
the workplace.
research in Health Psychology focuses on
Positive Health
Positive Health
is the scientific study of health assets that produce longer life and optimal well-being.
a career in health psychology usually requires 2pt
doctoral degree. (Ph.D.)
Some students enter health psychology from the fields of medicine, nursing, or one of the allied health professions.
two factors that explain why higher education is a valuable health asset? 2 pt
impact of college on cognition: thinking advances through nine levels of increasing complexity over a typical four-year college experience.
higher income. College students, especially those who graduate
The goals of health psychology are to promote health
prevent and treat illness, investigate the role of biological, behavioural, and social factors in disease; and evaluate and improve the formulation of health policy and the delivery of health care to all people.
In the earliest known cultures, ilness was viewed as
evil spirits that invaded the body.
in Europe during the Middle ages, illness was viewed as
punishment for evildoing, and treatment frequently involved what amounted to physical torture.
Sigmund Freud and Franz Alexander promoted the idea that 2pt
specific diseases could be caused by unconscious conflicts.
These views were expanded into the field of psychosomatic medicine,
Psychosomatic medicine fell out of favor because
it was grounded in psychoanalytic theory and predicated on the outmoded idea that a single problem is sufficient to trigger the disease.
The life-course perspective
focuses attention on how aspects of health and illness vary with age, as well as how birth cohort experiences (e.g., shifts in public health policy) influence health.
sociocultural perspective
how social and cultural factors, such as ethnic variations in dietary practice and beliefs about the causes of illness, affect health.
The gender perspective
male–female differences in the risk of specific diseases and conditions, as well as in various health- enhancing and health-compromising behaviors.
The biopsychosocial combines what perspectives? and how they act together
biological, psychological, and social forces
ecological-systems model
