Textbook Terms Chpt. 7-18 Flashcards
1
Q
Dominate
A
The Roman rule from Diocletian onward because he took the title dominus ( lord or master )
2
Q
Tetrarchy
A
Rule by four - Diocletian appointed three partners to join him in the ruling the Empire
3
Q
Coloni
A
Tenant farmers whose work provided the Empire’s economic base
4
Q
Curials
A
The social eleite in the cities and towns
5
Q
Great Persecution
A
Diocletian launched it in 303 to suppress Christianity. He expelled Christians from post, seized their property, tore down churches and executed anyone who refused.
6
Q
Edict of Milan
A
Constantine proclaimed religious freedom.
7
Q
Julian the Apostate
A
Emperor. Rebelled against his family’s Christianity by trying to reverse official support of the new religion in favor of his philosophical interpretation of polytheism.
8
Q
Theodosius I
A
Enforced a ban on privately funded polytheist sacrifices. This caused Christianity to officially replaced polytheism as the state religion.
9
Q
Augustine
A
Bishop in North Africa. Recognized women’s contribution to the strengthening of Christianity.
10
Q
Arianism
A
Maintained that God the Father begot his son Jesus from nothing and gave him special status. Jesus was dependent from God.
11
Q
Nicene Creed
A
Declared the Father and Son were coeternal.
12
Q
Asceticism
A
The practice of self denial and spiritual discipline. Something that humans should strive for as sex-trapped humans in evil.
13
Q
Visigoths
A
When Theodosius died, the immigrants he allowed to settle in the Empire rebelled as a tribe known as the Visigoths. They fought their way into the western Empire.
14
Q
wergild
A
The payment murderer had to make as compensation for his crime to prevent the endless cycles of revenge.
15
Q
Justinian and Theodora
A
Eastern Emperor. Waged war against the barbarian kingdoms in the west, aiming to reunite the Empire and restore the imperal glory of Augustan period.
16
Q
Muhammad
A
- Islam
Saw himself as God’s final prophet
17
Q
Qur’an
A
the holy book of Islam. It means recitation.
18
Q
Hijra
A
Muhammad’s journey to Medina which would be the first crucial event for Islam and 622 became first year of Islamic calender.
19
Q
jihad
A
Muslim Duty
Striving in the way of God
20
Q
Five Pillars of Islam
A
Detalied regulations for religious practices
21
Q
Shi’ite
A
- Ali faction
saw him as a symbol of justice and righteousness
22
Q
Umayyd caliphate
A
661-750
The Muslim world became a state, its capital at Damascus in Syria
23
Q
Heraclius
A
Byzantine Emperor
- responded to the attacks on Jerusalem, help them gain all their lost territory
24
Q
Lombards
A
Germanic people, invaded parts of Italy
25
icon
Images became more important than relics in focusing on religous devotion. Empire understood icons to manifest in physical form. Monks centered their worship on icons.
26
iconoclasm
Emperor Leo III denouced icons leading to iconoclasm which means icon breaking.
27
Merovingian dynasty
Constituted by the Frankish Kings
- subjagated many of the peoples beyond the Rhine River, foreshadowing the contours of the western half of modern Germany.
28
Gregory of Tours
Bishop
Wrote about Latin transformation
He expected his "rude" latin would be welcomed by the General public
29
Oblation
Considered essential for the spiritual well-being of children and their families.
Children given to monasteries by their parents.
30
Gregory the Great
Pope who sent missonaries to convert the people of Kent and work their way northwards (England).
31
Synod of Whitby
Resolving of the debate of Easter. Pope Oswy chose the date favoured by the pope at Rome
32
Charlemagne
A frankish king from the new dynasty the Carolingians
- forged a huge e,pire and presided over yet another cultural renaissance
33
Themes
A way byzantine rulers would strengthen their army by subdividing their former military districts into themes.
34
dynatoi
Powerfulmen
New Hereditary elite
They got rich on plunder and new lands taken in aggressive wars of the tenth century
35
Basil II
Emperor
Led the Byzantines in a slow, methodical conquest.
Buglar Slayer. brought the entire Bulgarian region under Byzantine control and forced them to convert to Christianity.
36
Abbasids
A new dynasty who found support in Sh'ites and non Abrabs who had been excluded from the Umayyad government.
37
Fatmids
Shi'ite group
It was established in 909 as ruler of a region of North Africa.
38
Carolingian
The Frankish dynasty that ruled the western European empire from 751 to late 800s. It greatest vigor was in the time of Charlamege, and Louis the Pious.
39
Treaty of Verdun
Split the Carolingian empire into three parts. Its borders roughly outline modern western European states.
40
Fief
Grants of land from nobles
41
Feudalism
social and economic system created by the relatonship among vassals, lords, and thiefs.
42
Castellan
A man who controlled a castle
In 10 and 11th century they became important local lords.
43
Primogeniture
All property is left to the oldest son.
44
patrilineal
Tracing decent through parental lines
45
Peace of God
United bishops, counts, and peasents in an attempt to contain local violence.
46
Alfred the Great
King of Wessex
Developed new mechanisms of royal government, instituting reforms that his successors continued.
47
Capetian dynasty
Appeared after the end of Carolingin dynasty. Dynasty of French kings.
48
Ottonian kings
10th and 11th century German Kings. Worked closely with Bishops. Otto I, II and III
49
Commerical revolution
In the Middle Ages spawned institutions that would be the direct ancestors of modern businesses.
50
guild
A trade organization within a city or town. Also social and religious associations. They charged dues, and negotiated with lords and town government.
51
apprentices
Hierarchy of a guild, who were learning the trade.
52
jounreymen/journeywomen
Guildmasters hired for daily wage to help them produce their products.
53
masters
Achieved expertise in the craft, ran the guilds in the middle ages.
54
capitalism
Enteraperniual class of property owners who employ others and produce.
55
commune
town insitution of self government.
56
simony
The sin of giving gifts or paying money to get church office
57
lay investiture
The installation of clerics in their office by lay rulers
58
reconquista
The collective name for the wars waged by the Christian princes of Spain against Musilim ruled region.
59
Gregorian reform
The papal movement of church reform associated with Gregory VII. Ended three pratices - purchases of church offices, clerical marriage, and lay investiture.
60
Henry IV
Ruler of Germany and much of Italy
Was in conflict with Pope Gregory VII.
61
Investiture Conflict
Confrontation between Pope Gregory and Henry IV over the appointment of prelates in some Italien cities. Dispute over church leadership. Ended with the Concordat of Worms.
62
Concordat of Worms
Ended the investiture conflict with a compromise.
63
sacraments
The regular means by which God's heavenly grace infused mundane existence.
64
St.Bernard
The most important Cistercian abbot and chief preacher of the second crusade.
65
Alexius I
Byzantine emperor, appealed to help pope Urban II, hoping to get new mercenary troops for a fresh offence.
66
Urban II
The pope responsible for callig the first crusade in 1095.
67
First Crusade
Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Resulted in the massacre of Jews, the sack of Jerusalem, and the setting up of crusader states.
68
battle of Hastings
1066
That replaced the Anglo-Saxon king with the Norman one and tied England to Europe. Harold vs William
69
Romanesque
Massive church buildings of 11th Century monasteries.
70
Gothic architecture
Style of cities, reflecting the confidence and weath of merchants.
71
Henry II
Was the driving force in extending and strengthening the instiutions of England Government. Ended a period of civil war in England.
72
Common Law
Law applied to all of England. Begun by Henry II.
73
Magna Carta
"Greater Charter"
The charter of baronial liberties that King John was forced to agree to in 1215. It maintained that all free men had certain rights that king had to uphold.
74
Philip II
King of France
Bested the English king John and won most of John's continental territory. Strengthening the Capetian dynasty.
75
Frederick I
King of Germany
Tried to cement the power of the German King through conquest and bond voyage.
76
tourbadours/trobairitz
vernacular poets in southern France in the 12th and 13th century
77
Chansons de geste
Epic poems of the 12th century about knightly and heroic deeds.
78
Chivalry
a code of behaviour for warriors on the battlefield.
79
Franciscans
The religous order founded by St. Francis and dedicated to poverty and preaching
80
Fourth Crusade
Orginal goal was to capture Jerusalem but the crusaders instead conquered Constantinople.
81
Innocent III
Most powerful medieval pope. Called the Fourth Latern council.
82
Fourth Lateran Council
1215
Attempted to regulate all aspects of Christian life.
83
blood libel
A claim the Jews used the blood of Christians children in their passover rituals. Led to massacres of Jews in France, England, Spain, and Germany in 13th century.
84
scholasticism
The culmination of the method of logical inuiry and exposition pioneered by masters Llike Peter Abelard and Peter the Chanter. In the 13th Century their methods were used to summarize and reconcile all knowledge
85
Frederick II
The grandson of Barbarossa who became king of Sicily and Germany. He allowed German princes a free hand as he battled the pope for control of Italy.
86
Statute in Favor of the Princes
A statue finalized by Frederick II in 1232 that gave German princes sovereign power with their own principalities.
87
Louis IX
A French king revered as a military leader. He was declared a Saint after his death. Leader of two crusades.
88
cortes
Earliest European representative institution, called initally to consent royal wishes. Convoked by Castile Leon.
89
Boniface VIII
A pope
Had a clash with King Philip the Fair of France that left the papacy considerably weakened.
90
Avignon papacy
The period (1309-1378) durning which the popes ruled from Avignon rather than from Rome.
91
popolo
people
made up of merchants that demanded power in Italian cities in 13th century
92
Mongols
The name of people mobilized by Chingiz Kahn into a formidable army that conquered China, Rus and the eastern half of the Islamic world.
93
Golden Horde
The political institution set up by Mongols in Russia, 13th-15th century
94
Great Famine
The shortage of food and accompanying social ills 1315-1322
95
plague
Disease that swept through Europe from 1347-1352
96
Hundred Years' War
Pitted England against France.
1337-1453
Produced numerous social upheavals yet left both states more powerful than before.
97
Joan of Arc
Peasant girl whose conviction that God had sent her to save France in fact helped France win the Hundred Years War.
98
Jacquerie
The 1358 uprising of French peasants against the nobles amid the Hundred Years War, it was brutally put down
99
Mehmed II
The sultan under whom the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453
100
Great Schism
The papal dispute of 1378 -1417 when the church had two and even three popes. Was ended by the Council of Constance/
101
Indulgences
A step beyond confession and penance. It lifted the temporal punishment still necessary for a sin already forgivin. Prayers and contributing money to worthy causes.
102
Humanism
An attempt to revive classical latin as well as the values and sensibilities that came with languages.
103
Francis Petrarch
Italian poet who revived the styles of classical authors. He is considered the first Renaissance humanist/
104
Hanseatic League
A loose federation of cities along the Baltic coast formed to protect their mutual interest in defense and trade.
105
Medici
The ruling family of Florence durning the 15th to 17th century. Founded on the Medici bank.
106
Christopher Columbus
An Italian sailor (1451-1506) who opened up the new world by sailing West across the Atlantic in search of a route to Asia
107
Hernan Cortes
The Spanish explorer (1485-1547) who captured the Aztec capital, Tenochititlan ( present day Mexico city) in 1519.
108
Christian humanism
A general intellectual trend in the sixteenth century that coupled the love of classical learning, as in the Renaissance humanism, with an emphasis on Christian piety.
109
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556) and the most powerful ruler in the sixteenth century Europe. He reigned over the Low Countries, Spain, Spains Italian, and New World dominions, and the Austrian Habsburg land.
109
Martin Luther
A German monk who started the Protestant reformation in 1517 by challenging the practices of the catholic church and advocating salvation through faith alone.
110
Predestination
John Calvins doctrine that God preordained salvation or damnation for each person before creation; those chosen for salvation were considered the elect.
110
John Calvin
French-born Christian humanist and founder of Calvinism. He led the reform movement in Geneva, Switzerland from 1541 to 1564.
110
King Henry VIII
The English king who first opposed the Protestant Reformation and then broke with the Catholic Church. Naming himself head of the Church of England in the Act of Supremacy of 1534.
110
Anabaptist
16th century Protestants who believed that only adults could truly have faith and accept baptism/
111
Council of Trent
A general council of the Catholic Church that met at Trent between 1545 to 1563 to set Catholic doctrine, reform church practices and defend the church against the protestant challenge.
112
Jesuits
Members of the society of Jesus, a catholic religous order founded by Ignatius Loyola and approved by the pope in 1540. Jesuits served as missionaries and educators all over the world.
113
Suleiman the Magnificent
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at the time of its greatest power.
114
Peace of Augsburg
The Treaty of 1555 that settle disputes between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his Protestant Princes. It reconginzed the Lutheran Church and established the principle that all Catholic or Lutheran Princes enjoyed the sole right to determine the religion of their land and subjects
115
Catherine de Medicis
Italian-born mother of French king Charles IX. She served as a regent and tried but failed to prevent religious warfare between Calvinists and Catholics.
116
Edict of Nantes
The decree issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 that granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration
117
politiques
Political advisers durning the 16th century French Wars of Religion who argued that compromise in matter ins religion would strengthen the monarchy
118
Philip II
King of Spain (1556-1598) and the most powerful ruler in Europe: he reigned over the western Habsburg lands and all the Spanish colonies recently settled in the New World.
119
Lepanto
A site of the Greek coast where, in 1571, the allied Catholic forces of Spain's king Phillip II, Venice, and the papacy defeated the Ottoman Turks in a great sea battle. The victory gave the Christian powers control over the Mediterranean.
120
Elizabeth I
English queen (1558-1603) who oversaw the return of the Protestant Church of England and, in 1558, the successful defense of the realm against the Spanish Armada.
121
Puritans
Strict Calvinists who in the 16th and 17th century opposed the vestiages of the Catholic ritual in the Church of England.
122
Peace of Westphalia
The settlement (1648) of the Thirty's Year War. It established enduring religous divisons in the Holy Roman empire by which Lutheranism would dominate the North, Calvinism in the area of the Rhine River, and Catholicism in the South.
123
raison d'etat
French for "reason of state" the political doctrine, first proposed by Cardinal Richelieu of France, which held the state's interests should prevail over those of religion.
124
secularization
The long term trend towards seperating state power and science from religous faith, making the latter a private domain. Begining in the 17th century, it prompted a search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena.
125
Scientific method
The combination of experimental observation and mathematical deduction used to determine the laws of nature. First developed in the 17th century; it became the secular standard of truth
126
heliocentrism
The view articulated by Polish clergyman Nicolaus Copernicus that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun.
127
baroque
an artistic style of the 17th century that featured curves, exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism
128
absolutism
a system of government in which a ruler claims sole and uncontestable power
129
constitutionalism
a system of government in which rulers share power with parliaments made up of elected representatives
130
Louis XIV
French King ( 1643-1715) who in theory personified absolutism but in practice had to gain the cooperation of nobles, local officials, and even the ordinary subjects manned his armies and paid taxes.
131
revocation of the Edict the Nantes
French King Louis XIV 1685 decision to eliminate the rights of Calvinists granted in the edict in 1598: Louis banned all Calvinists public activities and forced those who refused to embrace the state religion to flee.
132
Bureaucracy
A network of state officals carrying out orders according to a regular and routine line of authority
133
mercantilism
The economic doctrine that governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible.
134
Levellers
Disgrunted soilders in Oliver Cromwells New Model Army who in 1647 wanted to "level" social differences and extend political participation to all male property owners.
135
William Prince of Orange
Dutch ruler, who with his protestant wife, Mary (daughter of James II) ruled England after the glorious revolution of 1688.
136
Glorious Revolution
The events of 1688 when Tories and Whigs replaced Englands monarch James II with his protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband Dutch ruler William of Orange. William and Mary agreed to a Bill of Rights that guaranteed rights to Parliament.
137
Social Contract
The doctrine, originated by Hugo Grotius and argued by both Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke, that all political authority derives not from the divine right of kings but from an implict contract from citizens and ruler.
138
Frederick William of Hohenzollern
The Great elector of Branden-burg Prussia 1640-1688. Brought his nation through the end of the 30 Years War and then succeded in welding his scattered lands into an absolutist state.
139
Stenka Razin
Leader of the 1667 rebellion that promised Russian peasants liberation from noble landowners and officals. He was captured by the tsars army in 1671 and publically executated in Moscow
140
Classcism
17th C style of painting and architecture that reflected the ideals of the art of anticquity. In classism geometric shapes, order, and harmony of lines took precedance over the sensuous, exuberant and emotional forms of baroque
141
salon
An informal gathering held regularly in a private homeand presided over by a socially eminent women, salons spread from France in 17th C to other countries in the 18th C.
142
Atlantic System
The network of trade systems established in 1700s that bound together Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Europe sold slaves from Africa and bought commdoities that were produced by the new colonial plantations in N.A, S.A and Cararibean
143
Plantation
A large tract of land that produced staple crops such as sugar,coffee, and tobacco and war farmed by slave labour and owned by a colonial settler.
144
mestizos
Individuals born to a Spanish father and a Native American mother
145
buccaneers
Pirates of the Caribeenan who governed themselves and preyed on international shipping
146
consumer revolution
The rapid increase of consumption of new staples produced in the Atlantic System as well as other items of daily life that were previously unavailable or beyond the reach of ordinary people
147
Agricultural revolution
Increasingly aggressive attitudes toward investment in and management of land that increased production of food in the 1700s
148
rococo
A style of painting that emphasised irregurality and asymmentry, movement and curvature, but on a smaller, more intimate scale than baroque
149
Pietism
A Protestant revivalist movement of the early 18th century that emphasized deeply emotional individual religious experience
150
Robert Walpole
The first, or "prime" minister (1721-1742) of the House of Commons of Great Britians Parliament. Although appointed initally by the King, through his long period of leadership he effectively established the modern pattern of parliamentry government
151
Peter the Great
Russsian tsar Peter I, who undertook the Westeranization of Russia and built a new capital city named after himself, St.Petersburg
152
Westernization
The effort, espically in Peter the Greats Russia, to make society and social customs resemble counterparts in Western Europe, espically France, Britian and the Dutch Republic.
153
War of the Austrian Succession
The war (1740-1748) over the sucession to the Hasburg throne that pitted France and Prussia, against Austria and Britian and provoked continuing hostilities between French and Britian settlers in the North American colonies
154
Enlightenment
18th Century intellectual movement whose proponenets believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem.
155
Voltaire
The Pen name of Francois Marie Arouet who was the most influential writer of the Early Enlightenment
156
philosophes
French for "philophosers"; public intellectuals of the Enlightenment who wrote on subjects ranging from current affairs to art criticisms with the goal of furthering reform in society
157
deists
Those who believe in God but give him no active role in human affairs. Deists of the Enlightenment believed that God had designed the Universe and set in motion but no longer interviered in its functioning.
158
Abolistionist
Advocates for the abolotion of slave trade and of slavery.
159
laissez-faire
French for "leave alone". an economic doctrine developed by Adam Smith that advocated for freeing the economy from government intervention and control.
160
Jean-Jacque Rousseau
One of the most important philosophes (1712-1778): he argued that only government based on a social contract among citizens could make people truly moral and free.
161
romanticism
Artistic movement of the late 18th century and early 19th century that glorified nature, emotion, genius and imagination.
162
Methodism
Religious movement founded by John Wesley (1703-1791) that broke with the Church of England and instead on strict self-discispline and a 'methodical approach' to religous study and observance.
163
Freemasons
Members of Masonic lodges, where nobles and middle-class professinals shared interest in the enlightenment and reform.
164
enlightened despots
Rulers - such as Catherine the Great, Frederick of Prussia, and Joesph of Austria II - who tried to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their own supreme political power; also called enlightened absolutists
165
Seven Years War
A worldwide series of battles (1756-1763) between Austria, France, Russia and Sweden on one side and Prussia and Great Britian on the other.
166
Partition of Poland
Divisions of one-third of Poland -Lithuania's territory between Prussia, Russia, and Austriain 1772
167
Pugachev rebellion
A Massive revolt of Russian Cossacks and serfs in 1773 against local nobles and the armies of Catherine the Great, its leader Emelian Pugachev was eventually captured and executed.
