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History > Textbook Terms Chpt. 7-18 > Flashcards

Textbook Terms Chpt. 7-18 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dominate

A

The Roman rule from Diocletian onward because he took the title dominus ( lord or master )

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2
Q

Tetrarchy

A

Rule by four - Diocletian appointed three partners to join him in the ruling the Empire

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3
Q

Coloni

A

Tenant farmers whose work provided the Empire’s economic base

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4
Q

Curials

A

The social eleite in the cities and towns

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5
Q

Great Persecution

A

Diocletian launched it in 303 to suppress Christianity. He expelled Christians from post, seized their property, tore down churches and executed anyone who refused.

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6
Q

Edict of Milan

A

Constantine proclaimed religious freedom.

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7
Q

Julian the Apostate

A

Emperor. Rebelled against his family’s Christianity by trying to reverse official support of the new religion in favor of his philosophical interpretation of polytheism.

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8
Q

Theodosius I

A

Enforced a ban on privately funded polytheist sacrifices. This caused Christianity to officially replaced polytheism as the state religion.

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9
Q

Augustine

A

Bishop in North Africa. Recognized women’s contribution to the strengthening of Christianity.

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10
Q

Arianism

A

Maintained that God the Father begot his son Jesus from nothing and gave him special status. Jesus was dependent from God.

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11
Q

Nicene Creed

A

Declared the Father and Son were coeternal.

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12
Q

Asceticism

A

The practice of self denial and spiritual discipline. Something that humans should strive for as sex-trapped humans in evil.

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13
Q

Visigoths

A

When Theodosius died, the immigrants he allowed to settle in the Empire rebelled as a tribe known as the Visigoths. They fought their way into the western Empire.

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14
Q

wergild

A

The payment murderer had to make as compensation for his crime to prevent the endless cycles of revenge.

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15
Q

Justinian and Theodora

A

Eastern Emperor. Waged war against the barbarian kingdoms in the west, aiming to reunite the Empire and restore the imperal glory of Augustan period.

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16
Q

Muhammad

A
  • Islam
    Saw himself as God’s final prophet
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17
Q

Qur’an

A

the holy book of Islam. It means recitation.

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18
Q

Hijra

A

Muhammad’s journey to Medina which would be the first crucial event for Islam and 622 became first year of Islamic calender.

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19
Q

jihad

A

Muslim Duty
Striving in the way of God

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20
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A

Detalied regulations for religious practices

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21
Q

Shi’ite

A
  • Ali faction
    saw him as a symbol of justice and righteousness
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22
Q

Umayyd caliphate

A

661-750
The Muslim world became a state, its capital at Damascus in Syria

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23
Q

Heraclius

A

Byzantine Emperor
- responded to the attacks on Jerusalem, help them gain all their lost territory

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24
Q

Lombards

A

Germanic people, invaded parts of Italy

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25
Q

icon

A

Images became more important than relics in focusing on religous devotion. Empire understood icons to manifest in physical form. Monks centered their worship on icons.

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26
Q

iconoclasm

A

Emperor Leo III denouced icons leading to iconoclasm which means icon breaking.

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27
Q

Merovingian dynasty

A

Constituted by the Frankish Kings
- subjagated many of the peoples beyond the Rhine River, foreshadowing the contours of the western half of modern Germany.

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28
Q

Gregory of Tours

A

Bishop
Wrote about Latin transformation
He expected his “rude” latin would be welcomed by the General public

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29
Q

Oblation

A

Considered essential for the spiritual well-being of children and their families.
Children given to monasteries by their parents.

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30
Q

Gregory the Great

A

Pope who sent missonaries to convert the people of Kent and work their way northwards (England).

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31
Q

Synod of Whitby

A

Resolving of the debate of Easter. Pope Oswy chose the date favoured by the pope at Rome

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32
Q

Charlemagne

A

A frankish king from the new dynasty the Carolingians
- forged a huge e,pire and presided over yet another cultural renaissance

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33
Q

Themes

A

A way byzantine rulers would strengthen their army by subdividing their former military districts into themes.

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34
Q

dynatoi

A

Powerfulmen
New Hereditary elite
They got rich on plunder and new lands taken in aggressive wars of the tenth century

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35
Q

Basil II

A

Emperor
Led the Byzantines in a slow, methodical conquest.
Buglar Slayer. brought the entire Bulgarian region under Byzantine control and forced them to convert to Christianity.

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36
Q

Abbasids

A

A new dynasty who found support in Sh’ites and non Abrabs who had been excluded from the Umayyad government.

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37
Q

Fatmids

A

Shi’ite group
It was established in 909 as ruler of a region of North Africa.

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38
Q

Carolingian

A

The Frankish dynasty that ruled the western European empire from 751 to late 800s. It greatest vigor was in the time of Charlamege, and Louis the Pious.

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39
Q

Treaty of Verdun

A

Split the Carolingian empire into three parts. Its borders roughly outline modern western European states.

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40
Q

Fief

A

Grants of land from nobles

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41
Q

Feudalism

A

social and economic system created by the relatonship among vassals, lords, and thiefs.

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42
Q

Castellan

A

A man who controlled a castle
In 10 and 11th century they became important local lords.

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43
Q

Primogeniture

A

All property is left to the oldest son.

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44
Q

patrilineal

A

Tracing decent through parental lines

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45
Q

Peace of God

A

United bishops, counts, and peasents in an attempt to contain local violence.

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46
Q

Alfred the Great

A

King of Wessex
Developed new mechanisms of royal government, instituting reforms that his successors continued.

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47
Q

Capetian dynasty

A

Appeared after the end of Carolingin dynasty. Dynasty of French kings.

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48
Q

Ottonian kings

A

10th and 11th century German Kings. Worked closely with Bishops. Otto I, II and III

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49
Q

Commerical revolution

A

In the Middle Ages spawned institutions that would be the direct ancestors of modern businesses.

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50
Q

guild

A

A trade organization within a city or town. Also social and religious associations. They charged dues, and negotiated with lords and town government.

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51
Q

apprentices

A

Hierarchy of a guild, who were learning the trade.

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52
Q

jounreymen/journeywomen

A

Guildmasters hired for daily wage to help them produce their products.

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53
Q

masters

A

Achieved expertise in the craft, ran the guilds in the middle ages.

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54
Q

capitalism

A

Enteraperniual class of property owners who employ others and produce.

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55
Q

commune

A

town insitution of self government.

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56
Q

simony

A

The sin of giving gifts or paying money to get church office

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57
Q

lay investiture

A

The installation of clerics in their office by lay rulers

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58
Q

reconquista

A

The collective name for the wars waged by the Christian princes of Spain against Musilim ruled region.

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59
Q

Gregorian reform

A

The papal movement of church reform associated with Gregory VII. Ended three pratices - purchases of church offices, clerical marriage, and lay investiture.

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60
Q

Henry IV

A

Ruler of Germany and much of Italy
Was in conflict with Pope Gregory VII.

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61
Q

Investiture Conflict

A

Confrontation between Pope Gregory and Henry IV over the appointment of prelates in some Italien cities. Dispute over church leadership. Ended with the Concordat of Worms.

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62
Q

Concordat of Worms

A

Ended the investiture conflict with a compromise.

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63
Q

sacraments

A

The regular means by which God’s heavenly grace infused mundane existence.

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64
Q

St.Bernard

A

The most important Cistercian abbot and chief preacher of the second crusade.

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65
Q

Alexius I

A

Byzantine emperor, appealed to help pope Urban II, hoping to get new mercenary troops for a fresh offence.

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66
Q

Urban II

A

The pope responsible for callig the first crusade in 1095.

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67
Q

First Crusade

A

Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Resulted in the massacre of Jews, the sack of Jerusalem, and the setting up of crusader states.

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68
Q

battle of Hastings

A

1066
That replaced the Anglo-Saxon king with the Norman one and tied England to Europe. Harold vs William

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69
Q

Romanesque

A

Massive church buildings of 11th Century monasteries.

70
Q

Gothic architecture

A

Style of cities, reflecting the confidence and weath of merchants.

71
Q

Henry II

A

Was the driving force in extending and strengthening the instiutions of England Government. Ended a period of civil war in England.

72
Q

Common Law

A

Law applied to all of England. Begun by Henry II.

73
Q

Magna Carta

A

“Greater Charter”
The charter of baronial liberties that King John was forced to agree to in 1215. It maintained that all free men had certain rights that king had to uphold.

74
Q

Philip II

A

King of France
Bested the English king John and won most of John’s continental territory. Strengthening the Capetian dynasty.

75
Q

Frederick I

A

King of Germany
Tried to cement the power of the German King through conquest and bond voyage.

76
Q

tourbadours/trobairitz

A

vernacular poets in southern France in the 12th and 13th century

77
Q

Chansons de geste

A

Epic poems of the 12th century about knightly and heroic deeds.

78
Q

Chivalry

A

a code of behaviour for warriors on the battlefield.

79
Q

Franciscans

A

The religous order founded by St. Francis and dedicated to poverty and preaching

80
Q

Fourth Crusade

A

Orginal goal was to capture Jerusalem but the crusaders instead conquered Constantinople.

81
Q

Innocent III

A

Most powerful medieval pope. Called the Fourth Latern council.

82
Q

Fourth Lateran Council

A

1215
Attempted to regulate all aspects of Christian life.

83
Q

blood libel

A

A claim the Jews used the blood of Christians children in their passover rituals. Led to massacres of Jews in France, England, Spain, and Germany in 13th century.

84
Q

scholasticism

A

The culmination of the method of logical inuiry and exposition pioneered by masters Llike Peter Abelard and Peter the Chanter. In the 13th Century their methods were used to summarize and reconcile all knowledge

85
Q

Frederick II

A

The grandson of Barbarossa who became king of Sicily and Germany. He allowed German princes a free hand as he battled the pope for control of Italy.

86
Q

Statute in Favor of the Princes

A

A statue finalized by Frederick II in 1232 that gave German princes sovereign power with their own principalities.

87
Q

Louis IX

A

A French king revered as a military leader. He was declared a Saint after his death. Leader of two crusades.

88
Q

cortes

A

Earliest European representative institution, called initally to consent royal wishes. Convoked by Castile Leon.

89
Q

Boniface VIII

A

A pope
Had a clash with King Philip the Fair of France that left the papacy considerably weakened.

90
Q

Avignon papacy

A

The period (1309-1378) durning which the popes ruled from Avignon rather than from Rome.

91
Q

popolo

A

people
made up of merchants that demanded power in Italian cities in 13th century

92
Q

Mongols

A

The name of people mobilized by Chingiz Kahn into a formidable army that conquered China, Rus and the eastern half of the Islamic world.

93
Q

Golden Horde

A

The political institution set up by Mongols in Russia, 13th-15th century

94
Q

Great Famine

A

The shortage of food and accompanying social ills 1315-1322

95
Q

plague

A

Disease that swept through Europe from 1347-1352

96
Q

Hundred Years’ War

A

Pitted England against France.
1337-1453
Produced numerous social upheavals yet left both states more powerful than before.

97
Q

Joan of Arc

A

Peasant girl whose conviction that God had sent her to save France in fact helped France win the Hundred Years War.

98
Q

Jacquerie

A

The 1358 uprising of French peasants against the nobles amid the Hundred Years War, it was brutally put down

99
Q

Mehmed II

A

The sultan under whom the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453

100
Q

Great Schism

A

The papal dispute of 1378 -1417 when the church had two and even three popes. Was ended by the Council of Constance/

101
Q

Indulgences

A

A step beyond confession and penance. It lifted the temporal punishment still necessary for a sin already forgivin. Prayers and contributing money to worthy causes.

102
Q

Humanism

A

An attempt to revive classical latin as well as the values and sensibilities that came with languages.

103
Q

Francis Petrarch

A

Italian poet who revived the styles of classical authors. He is considered the first Renaissance humanist/

104
Q

Hanseatic League

A

A loose federation of cities along the Baltic coast formed to protect their mutual interest in defense and trade.

105
Q

Medici

A

The ruling family of Florence durning the 15th to 17th century. Founded on the Medici bank.

106
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

An Italian sailor (1451-1506) who opened up the new world by sailing West across the Atlantic in search of a route to Asia

107
Q

Hernan Cortes

A

The Spanish explorer (1485-1547) who captured the Aztec capital, Tenochititlan ( present day Mexico city) in 1519.

108
Q

Christian humanism

A

A general intellectual trend in the sixteenth century that coupled the love of classical learning, as in the Renaissance humanism, with an emphasis on Christian piety.

109
Q

Charles V

A

Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556) and the most powerful ruler in the sixteenth century Europe. He reigned over the Low Countries, Spain, Spains Italian, and New World dominions, and the Austrian Habsburg land.

109
Q

Martin Luther

A

A German monk who started the Protestant reformation in 1517 by challenging the practices of the catholic church and advocating salvation through faith alone.

110
Q

Predestination

A

John Calvins doctrine that God preordained salvation or damnation for each person before creation; those chosen for salvation were considered the elect.

110
Q

John Calvin

A

French-born Christian humanist and founder of Calvinism. He led the reform movement in Geneva, Switzerland from 1541 to 1564.

110
Q

King Henry VIII

A

The English king who first opposed the Protestant Reformation and then broke with the Catholic Church. Naming himself head of the Church of England in the Act of Supremacy of 1534.

110
Q

Anabaptist

A

16th century Protestants who believed that only adults could truly have faith and accept baptism/

111
Q

Council of Trent

A

A general council of the Catholic Church that met at Trent between 1545 to 1563 to set Catholic doctrine, reform church practices and defend the church against the protestant challenge.

112
Q

Jesuits

A

Members of the society of Jesus, a catholic religous order founded by Ignatius Loyola and approved by the pope in 1540. Jesuits served as missionaries and educators all over the world.

113
Q

Suleiman the Magnificent

A

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at the time of its greatest power.

114
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

The Treaty of 1555 that settle disputes between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his Protestant Princes. It reconginzed the Lutheran Church and established the principle that all Catholic or Lutheran Princes enjoyed the sole right to determine the religion of their land and subjects

115
Q

Catherine de Medicis

A

Italian-born mother of French king Charles IX. She served as a regent and tried but failed to prevent religious warfare between Calvinists and Catholics.

116
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

The decree issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 that granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration

117
Q

politiques

A

Political advisers durning the 16th century French Wars of Religion who argued that compromise in matter ins religion would strengthen the monarchy

118
Q

Philip II

A

King of Spain (1556-1598) and the most powerful ruler in Europe: he reigned over the western Habsburg lands and all the Spanish colonies recently settled in the New World.

119
Q

Lepanto

A

A site of the Greek coast where, in 1571, the allied Catholic forces of Spain’s king Phillip II, Venice, and the papacy defeated the Ottoman Turks in a great sea battle. The victory gave the Christian powers control over the Mediterranean.

120
Q

Elizabeth I

A

English queen (1558-1603) who oversaw the return of the Protestant Church of England and, in 1558, the successful defense of the realm against the Spanish Armada.

121
Q

Puritans

A

Strict Calvinists who in the 16th and 17th century opposed the vestiages of the Catholic ritual in the Church of England.

122
Q

Peace of Westphalia

A

The settlement (1648) of the Thirty’s Year War. It established enduring religous divisons in the Holy Roman empire by which Lutheranism would dominate the North, Calvinism in the area of the Rhine River, and Catholicism in the South.

123
Q

raison d’etat

A

French for “reason of state” the political doctrine, first proposed by Cardinal Richelieu of France, which held the state’s interests should prevail over those of religion.

124
Q

secularization

A

The long term trend towards seperating state power and science from religous faith, making the latter a private domain. Begining in the 17th century, it prompted a search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena.

125
Q

Scientific method

A

The combination of experimental observation and mathematical deduction used to determine the laws of nature. First developed in the 17th century; it became the secular standard of truth

126
Q

heliocentrism

A

The view articulated by Polish clergyman Nicolaus Copernicus that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

127
Q

baroque

A

an artistic style of the 17th century that featured curves, exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism

128
Q

absolutism

A

a system of government in which a ruler claims sole and uncontestable power

129
Q

constitutionalism

A

a system of government in which rulers share power with parliaments made up of elected representatives

130
Q

Louis XIV

A

French King ( 1643-1715) who in theory personified absolutism but in practice had to gain the cooperation of nobles, local officials, and even the ordinary subjects manned his armies and paid taxes.

131
Q

revocation of the Edict the Nantes

A

French King Louis XIV 1685 decision to eliminate the rights of Calvinists granted in the edict in 1598: Louis banned all Calvinists public activities and forced those who refused to embrace the state religion to flee.

132
Q

Bureaucracy

A

A network of state officals carrying out orders according to a regular and routine line of authority

133
Q

mercantilism

A

The economic doctrine that governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible.

134
Q

Levellers

A

Disgrunted soilders in Oliver Cromwells New Model Army who in 1647 wanted to “level” social differences and extend political participation to all male property owners.

135
Q

William Prince of Orange

A

Dutch ruler, who with his protestant wife, Mary (daughter of James II) ruled England after the glorious revolution of 1688.

136
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

The events of 1688 when Tories and Whigs replaced Englands monarch James II with his protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband Dutch ruler William of Orange. William and Mary agreed to a Bill of Rights that guaranteed rights to Parliament.

137
Q

Social Contract

A

The doctrine, originated by Hugo Grotius and argued by both Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke, that all political authority derives not from the divine right of kings but from an implict contract from citizens and ruler.

138
Q

Frederick William of Hohenzollern

A

The Great elector of Branden-burg Prussia 1640-1688. Brought his nation through the end of the 30 Years War and then succeded in welding his scattered lands into an absolutist state.

139
Q

Stenka Razin

A

Leader of the 1667 rebellion that promised Russian peasants liberation from noble landowners and officals. He was captured by the tsars army in 1671 and publically executated in Moscow

140
Q

Classcism

A

17th C style of painting and architecture that reflected the ideals of the art of anticquity. In classism geometric shapes, order, and harmony of lines took precedance over the sensuous, exuberant and emotional forms of baroque

141
Q

salon

A

An informal gathering held regularly in a private homeand presided over by a socially eminent women, salons spread from France in 17th C to other countries in the 18th C.

142
Q

Atlantic System

A

The network of trade systems established in 1700s that bound together Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Europe sold slaves from Africa and bought commdoities that were produced by the new colonial plantations in N.A, S.A and Cararibean

143
Q

Plantation

A

A large tract of land that produced staple crops such as sugar,coffee, and tobacco and war farmed by slave labour and owned by a colonial settler.

144
Q

mestizos

A

Individuals born to a Spanish father and a Native American mother

145
Q

buccaneers

A

Pirates of the Caribeenan who governed themselves and preyed on international shipping

146
Q

consumer revolution

A

The rapid increase of consumption of new staples produced in the Atlantic System as well as other items of daily life that were previously unavailable or beyond the reach of ordinary people

147
Q

Agricultural revolution

A

Increasingly aggressive attitudes toward investment in and management of land that increased production of food in the 1700s

148
Q

rococo

A

A style of painting that emphasised irregurality and asymmentry, movement and curvature, but on a smaller, more intimate scale than baroque

149
Q

Pietism

A

A Protestant revivalist movement of the early 18th century that emphasized deeply emotional individual religious experience

150
Q

Robert Walpole

A

The first, or “prime” minister (1721-1742) of the House of Commons of Great Britians Parliament. Although appointed initally by the King, through his long period of leadership he effectively established the modern pattern of parliamentry government

151
Q

Peter the Great

A

Russsian tsar Peter I, who undertook the Westeranization of Russia and built a new capital city named after himself, St.Petersburg

152
Q

Westernization

A

The effort, espically in Peter the Greats Russia, to make society and social customs resemble counterparts in Western Europe, espically France, Britian and the Dutch Republic.

153
Q

War of the Austrian Succession

A

The war (1740-1748) over the sucession to the Hasburg throne that pitted France and Prussia, against Austria and Britian and provoked continuing hostilities between French and Britian settlers in the North American colonies

154
Q

Enlightenment

A

18th Century intellectual movement whose proponenets believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem.

155
Q

Voltaire

A

The Pen name of Francois Marie Arouet who was the most influential writer of the Early Enlightenment

156
Q

philosophes

A

French for “philophosers”; public intellectuals of the Enlightenment who wrote on subjects ranging from current affairs to art criticisms with the goal of furthering reform in society

157
Q

deists

A

Those who believe in God but give him no active role in human affairs. Deists of the Enlightenment believed that God had designed the Universe and set in motion but no longer interviered in its functioning.

158
Q

Abolistionist

A

Advocates for the abolotion of slave trade and of slavery.

159
Q

laissez-faire

A

French for “leave alone”. an economic doctrine developed by Adam Smith that advocated for freeing the economy from government intervention and control.

160
Q

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

A

One of the most important philosophes (1712-1778): he argued that only government based on a social contract among citizens could make people truly moral and free.

161
Q

romanticism

A

Artistic movement of the late 18th century and early 19th century that glorified nature, emotion, genius and imagination.

162
Q

Methodism

A

Religious movement founded by John Wesley (1703-1791) that broke with the Church of England and instead on strict self-discispline and a ‘methodical approach’ to religous study and observance.

163
Q

Freemasons

A

Members of Masonic lodges, where nobles and middle-class professinals shared interest in the enlightenment and reform.

164
Q

enlightened despots

A

Rulers - such as Catherine the Great, Frederick of Prussia, and Joesph of Austria II - who tried to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their own supreme political power; also called enlightened absolutists

165
Q

Seven Years War

A

A worldwide series of battles (1756-1763) between Austria, France, Russia and Sweden on one side and Prussia and Great Britian on the other.

166
Q

Partition of Poland

A

Divisions of one-third of Poland -Lithuania’s territory between Prussia, Russia, and Austriain 1772

167
Q

Pugachev rebellion

A

A Massive revolt of Russian Cossacks and serfs in 1773 against local nobles and the armies of Catherine the Great, its leader Emelian Pugachev was eventually captured and executed.

History (8 decks)

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