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GLGY 209 > Textbook Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Textbook Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first to discover atoms?

A

Democritus

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2
Q

Who discovered the electron?

A

JJ Thompson

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3
Q

What is the ranking of bonds from strongest to weakest?

A

Covalent, Ionic, Van Der Waals

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4
Q

How is carbon bonded in graphite?

A

Hexagonal corners: Covalent bonds

Adjacent layers: Van der Waals

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5
Q

Why is colour so variable?

A

Due to the amount of available ions in environment and crystal structure flexibility

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6
Q

Are native elements rock forming?

A

No. Exception is carbon and graphite

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7
Q

What kind of crystals are in metals/metallic sulphides?

A

Isometric

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8
Q

What are some examples of sulphides?

A

Pyrite, galena, molybendite, calcopyrite, realgar, orpiment, stibnite

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9
Q

What kinds of crystals make up the sulfosalts?

A

Prismatic

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10
Q

What are halides?

A

Minerals in which cation is a metallic element and anion is a halogen. Cubic crystal system, bright colours, low weight, accepts impurities, largely evaporite rocks

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11
Q

What are evaporite rocks?

A

Rocks that form in shallow sedimentary basins

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12
Q

What are some examples of halides?

A

Halite, sylvite, fluorite, carnalite

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13
Q

What carbonate is present in shells of organisms?

A

Aragonite-after death, crystalizes into calcite

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14
Q

What are some examples of carbonates?

A

Calcite, dolomite, magnesite, rhodochrosite, siderite, baritocalcite, strontianite

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15
Q

What kinds of crystal systems make up oxides?

A

Cubic and hexagonal

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16
Q

What are some examples of aluminum oxides?

A

Corundum, ruby, sapphire.

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17
Q

What kind of mineral is dominant in the Earth’s mantle and crust?

A

Silicates

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18
Q

How is the silica atom bonded in a silica tetrahedra?

A

Covalently to four oxygen atoms

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19
Q

Which type of silicate has no bonds with the silica tetrhedra?

A

Nesosilicates (isolated tetrahedra)

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20
Q

Which type of silicates have cleavage surfaces and foliated habits?

A

Phyllosilicates (sheet)

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21
Q

What silicate is most commonly found in the Earths crust?

A

Tectosilicates (framework)

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22
Q

What is the most common mineral in the earths crust and what type of silicate is it?

A

Quartz-tectosilicate

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23
Q

Where does magma originate?

A

In the mantle and lower crusts

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24
Q

What is nucleation?

A

Earliest stage in formation of crystal structure

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25
Q

What is a unit cell?

A

Smallest part of crystal structure which consists of component ions and atoms and their bonds

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26
Q

What type of rock is intrusive?

A

Granite

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27
Q

What type of rock is extrusive?

A

Basalt

28
Q

What is a holohylline rock?

A

Consist entirely of amorphous substance-extrusive

29
Q

What is a holocrystalline rock?

A

Consists of minerals only, no glass. Only intrusive roks

30
Q

What is a hypohaline or hypocrystalline rock?

A

Contain both large sized minerals and glawss in their mass-both intrusive and extrusive

31
Q

What kind of rock has a phaneritic texture?

A

Granite

32
Q

What kind of rock has an aphanatic texture?

A

Basalts

33
Q

What kind of rock has a glassy texture?

A

Obsidian

34
Q

What kind of rock has a fragmental texture?

A

Tuff

35
Q

What are poikilitic rocks?

A

Igneous rock texture containing smaller minerals that formed quickly enclosed in large slower forming minerals

36
Q

What is a lopolith?

A

Large sized, concordant igneous rocks. Concave side situated upwards

37
Q

What is a laccolith?

A

Concordant igneous rocks, flat base, domed top

38
Q

What are phacoliths?

A

Concordant rocks with lens shaped bodies

39
Q

What is characteristic of silica rich lava?

A

Viscous, traps more gas, explosive eruptions

40
Q

What type of lava flows form actual lava flows?

A

Magnesium rich

41
Q

What is the largest extrusive rock structure?

A

Lava plateaus (successions of stacked lava flows)

42
Q

How do basalitic plains differ from lava flows?

A

Origin of lava. Basalitic plains have a single source of eruption, whereas lava plateaus are formed from multiple fractures.

43
Q

What are pyroclastic sheets?

A

Pyroclastic material settling after eruptions

44
Q

What is pyroclastic material?

A

Volcanic bombs, lapilli, ash (TUFF)

45
Q

What are shield cones?

A

Volcanic mountaints that form in basaltic plains and consist of a succession of lava flows.

46
Q

What are composite cones?

A

Alternating lava flows and pyroclastic material

47
Q

What are cinder cones?

A

Small structures that are almost completely pyroclastic

48
Q

What are the four components of clastic (sedimentary) rocks?

A

Clasts, matrix, cement, pores

49
Q

What is a clast?

A

Fragments of preexisting rocks consisting of one or more materials

50
Q

What is a matrix?

A

Finer, allocthonous clastic material. Occurs in space between larger clasts

51
Q

What is cement?

A

Formed in space between clasts through mineral precipitation from solution after clasts are part of cement

52
Q

What are caternary pores?

A

Connected with other pores and allow fluid flow in subsurface. Excellent permeability

53
Q

What are cul-de-sac pores?

A

Pores that allow fluid to fill, but not flow

54
Q

What are closed pores?

A

Do not allow fluid to flow, rarely filled with important fluids

55
Q

Which rocks are the most weathered?

A

Silica rich rocks

56
Q

What is the slowest kind of transportation?

A

Glacier

57
Q

How are metamorphic rocks made?

A

High temperature, high pressure, oriented stress, chemical reactions

58
Q

What is the initial rock (before metamorpheses) known as?

A

Protolith

59
Q

What is lithostatic and fluid pressures?

A

Lithostatic- weight of layers

Fluid- fluid phases existing in fractures or rock porees

60
Q

Where does regional metamorphism occur?

A

Plate collision zones, mountain ranges.

61
Q

What are the most frequent metamorphic rocks formed in regional metamorphism?

A

Schists

62
Q

Where does contact metamorpism occur?

A

In rocks that are close to igneous intrusions (local)

63
Q

What are the most frequent metamorphic rocks formed by contact metamorphism?

A

Marble through the recrystallization of limestone

64
Q

What are the most frequent metamorphic rocks formed by burial metamorphism?

A

Slates

65
Q

What is high pressure and low temperature metamorphism?

A

Occurs in regions of subduction where the rocks are subject to high pressures (local and regional)

66
Q

What is the porphyroblastic texture?

A

A type of foliated texture, characterized by the occurence of large sized minerals in a mass of finer rok wit foliated texture.

GLGY 209 (22 decks)

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