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ExPhys > Textbook CH 1 > Flashcards

Textbook CH 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why are rib fractures extremely painful

A

profound nerve supply

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2
Q

therapists should recommend _____ when helping those with rib fractures

A

breathing
splinting
coughing strategies

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3
Q

compare the right and left hemidiaphragms

A

right - protected by the liver and stronger

left - more subject to rupture/hernia

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4
Q

openings of the diaphragm? what goes through them?

A

vena caval - IVC
esophageal - esophagus / gastric vessels
aortic - aorta, thoracic duct, azygos veins

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5
Q

which directions does the diaphragm contraction open in the thorax

A

cephalocaudal
anterior posterior
lateral

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6
Q

how does COPD affect the diaphragm

A

flattening of the diaphragm due to the presence of hyperinflated lungs

  • will have to use accessory muscles to trigger inspiration
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7
Q

external intercostal contraction causes

A

lower ribs to be pulled up / out and expanding the chest

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8
Q

contraction of the SCM causes

A

elevation of sternum
increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the chest

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9
Q

contraction of the scalenes causes

A

elevate and fix the first/second ribs

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10
Q

role of external vs internal intercostals

A

external - elevate ribs, expand lungs
internal - depress ribs, collapse lungs

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11
Q

pleuritis/pleurisy

A

inflammatory response within the pleura
- presence of pleural chest pain/abnormal friction rub in auscultation

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12
Q

what may cause laryngitis in a clinical setting

A

endotracheal intubation
- inflammatory response (laryngitis) that causes hoarseness and pain during speech

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13
Q

how is the lower respiratory tract divided

A

tracheobronchial tree / conducting airways

and

acinar / terminal respiratory units

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14
Q

what is the tracheobronchial tree involved in vs not involved in

A

is - movement of air to and from respiratory units
isn’t - exchange of gasses in lungs

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15
Q

most abundant cells in the bronchial epithelium

A

ciliated cells
- involved in the removal inhaled particulate matter

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16
Q

what two cells in the bronchial epithelium secrete? what do they secrete?

A

mucous (goblet) / serous cells

mucus

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17
Q

where are mucous (goblet) cells

A

more numerous in large airways/trachea

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18
Q

where are serous cells

A

extrapulmonary bronchi

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19
Q

cigarette smoking causes? what is the importance of this

A

paralysis of ciliated epithelial cells

inability to dislodge inhaled particulates can increase one’s risk of developing respiratory infections

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20
Q

what makes up the acinus

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli

21
Q

parasympathetic output in the lung

A

bronchial constriction
pulmonary arterial vasodilation
increased glandular secretion

22
Q

sympathetic output in the lungs

A

bronchial relaxation
pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction
decreased glandular secretion

23
Q

what is the point of maximal impluse?

A

apex striking the chest wall

24
Q

how does maximal impulse change

A

becomes more lateral in those with left ventricular hypertrophy due to increased mass of left ventricle

25
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

inflammation of the pericardium causing fluid to accumulate in the pericardial space

26
Q

what does cardiac tamponade cause

A

compromises contractility and cardiac function

27
Q

traits of myocardial cells

A

automaticity
rhythmicity
conductivity

28
Q

what is automaticity

A

ability to contract in the absence of stimuli

29
Q

what is rhythmicity

A

ability to contract in a rhythmic manner

30
Q

what is conductivity

A

ability to transmit nerve impulses

31
Q

synctium

A

conducting myocardial cells joined by intercalated disks

32
Q

what vessels go to the right atrium? where do they get blood?

A

SVC - head and UE
IVC - trunk and LE
coronary sinus - venous return from heart

33
Q

value of central venous pressure

A

0-8 mmHg

34
Q

what is central venous pressure

A

normal diastolic pressure needed to enable filling

35
Q

diastolic vs systolic pressures of the right ventricle

A

diastolic - 0-8mmHg
systolic - 15-30 mmHg

36
Q

what causes right ventricular hypertrophy? why does this happen and what is the result of this?

A

chronic lung pathologies (COPD/pulmonary fibrosis)

increased pressure in pulmonary vasculature causes workload of ventricle to increase

results in right ventricular failure

37
Q

cor pulmonale

A

aka right ventricular hypertrophy

38
Q

normal filling pressure of left ventricle

A

4-12 mmHg

39
Q

how is back flow prevented in the pulmonary veins

A

pectinate muscles extend from atria to veins and act like a sphincter

40
Q

mitral valve insufficiency results in

A

increased left atrial pressures
– more likely to have a-fib

41
Q

role of chordae tendinae

A

attach leaflets to papillary muscles of myocardium

42
Q

what are the conduction pathways that exist between SA and AV node

A

anterior tract of Bachman
middle tract of Wenckebach
posterior tract of Thorel

43
Q

what are the aortic sinuses of Valsalva

A

three dilations above the attached margins of the cusps of the aortic valve near the root of the aorta

44
Q

branches of right coronary artery

A

right marginal
posterior descending artery

45
Q

branches of the left coronary artery

A

left anterior descending
circumflex

46
Q

LAD supplies

A

anterior and septal aspects of left ventricle

47
Q

where does the circumflex artery run

A

coronary sulcus

48
Q

what chambers does the right coronary artery supply

A

right ventricle
inferior / posterior portions of left ventricle
SA and AV node

49
Q

circumflex artery supplies

A

lateral left ventricle

ExPhys (9 decks)

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