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ExPhys > CH 2 RCQ > Flashcards

CH 2 RCQ Flashcards

1
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume that can be taken in past tidal volume

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2
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air that can be let out beyond normal tidal exhalation

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3
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs post forceful expiration

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4
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

sum of tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes

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5
Q

functional residual capacity

A

sum of expiratory reserve and residual volume

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6
Q

lay term of inspiratory capacity

A

max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal exhalation

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7
Q

lay terms of functional residual capacity

A

amount of air in lungs at the end of a normal tidal exhalation

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8
Q

vital capacity

A

inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve volume

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9
Q

lay term of vital capacity

A

max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhalation

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10
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of all pulmonary volumes

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11
Q

what are central chemoreceptors focused on

A

CO2 concentrations rising in the CSF

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12
Q

response of central chemoreceptors

A

increase depth and rate of ventilation
- more basic pH

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13
Q

what do peripheral receptors respond to

A

increased CO2 and decreased O2 levels in blood

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14
Q

response of peripheral receptors

A

increase ventilation

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15
Q

where are central vs peripheral chemoreceptors

A

central - upper medulla
peripheral - aortic arch / carotid artery

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16
Q

where are irritant receptors

A

epithelial layer of conducting airways

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17
Q

what do irritant receptors respond to? how do they do this?

A

noxious gasses, particulate matter, irritants

coughing reflex
bronchial constriction
increased ventilatory rate

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18
Q

where are stretch receptors

A

smooth muscles lining airways

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19
Q

what are stretch receptors sensitive to?

A

stretch of the lung due to volume changes

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20
Q

what is the hering-bruer reflex

A

ventilatory rate and volume decreasing due to stretch of the lung

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21
Q

how does the hering-bruer reflex change in children vs adults

A

child - more active and more sensitive

adult - only active with large increases in tidal volume, protects from over inflation

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22
Q

where are juxtapulmonary receptors

A

near pulmonary capillaries

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23
Q

what are juxtapulmonary receptors sensitive to? how do they respond?

A

increased pulmonary capillary pressure

initiate rapid, shallow breathing

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24
Q

how do juxtapulmonary receptors respond in those with pulmonary edema/effusion

A

cough reflex enacted

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25
Q

how do joint/muscle receptors change respiration

A

movement in joints will lead to
2x increased minute ventilation

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26
Q

explain the ventilation response to exercise? why is the change like this?

A

initial - abrupt following a gradual increase

abrupt increase due to sensory input from peripheral receptors and pH changes due to lactic acid production

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27
Q

normal vs mechanical ventilation

A

normal - air brought into the lungs by negative intrapulmonary pressure caused by muscle activation

mechanical - air is forced into the lungs via positive pressure being greater than the atmospheric pressure in the lung

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28
Q

lung compliance

A

distensibility capacity of lung tissue
- change in lung volume / change in pleural pressure

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29
Q

what reduces/increases lung compliance

A

reduce - distension resistance
increase - lack of recoil

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30
Q

what is elasticity of the lungs

A

tendency of a structure to return to its original size

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31
Q

what allows for lung elasticity

A

elastin/collagen fiber networks within alveolar walls that surround bronchi and pulmonary capillaries

32
Q

what is surface tension

A

tension at the air-liquid interface on the alveolar surface

33
Q

what causes surface tension

A

water molecules on alveolar surfaces being more attracted to water molecules than air molecules

34
Q

what will surface tension do if not checked

A

collapse the alveolus and increase the pressure of air within them

35
Q

shunt

A

areas of the lung where there is greater perfusion than ventilation

36
Q

dead space

A

areas of the lung with greater ventilation compared to perfusion

37
Q

what is the result of a mismatched ventilation-perfusion matching

A

hypoxia and reduced oxygen in peripheral tissues

38
Q

4 ways hemoglobin can exist

A

oxyhemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin
methemoglobin
carboxyhemoglobin

39
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin bound to oxygen
iron heme is in reduced state

40
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin molecule that has released O2 to tissue

41
Q

methemoglobin

A

iron is oxidized and cannot bind to oxygen

42
Q

carboxyhemoglobin

A

heme binds to CO instead of O2
- oxygen is displaced and is not able to bind

43
Q

what is the driving factor for venous blood return

A

pressure differences in peripheral vs central vasculature

44
Q

pressure in peripheral vs central venous vasculature

A

peripheral - higher pressure
central - lower pressure
- lowest at vena cava / rt atrium junction

45
Q

what moves blood from peripheral veins to right atrium

A

muscle pumps
vasoconstriction
deep breathing –> driving blood from abdominal to thoracic cavity

46
Q

most important function of the pulmonary system

A

exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between environment, blood and tissue

47
Q

how much ATP is made in aerobic metabolism

A

36

48
Q

pulmonary pathology most specifically affects one’s

A

energy production
- reduced exercise tolerance too

49
Q

3 main functions of the lungs

A

O2/CO2 exchange
temperature homeostasis
filtration/metabolization of toxic substances

50
Q

how is temperature regulated by the pulmonary system

A

evaporation heat loss of the lungs

51
Q

value associated with tidal volume

A

350-500 mL of air

52
Q

minute ventilation at rest vs exercise

A

rest - 5 L/min
exercise - 70-125 L/min

53
Q

capacity

A

sum of 2 or more volumes

54
Q

neurons in which part of the brainstem control automatic breathing

A

medulla oblongata
pons

55
Q

what does the medulla contain

A

inspiratory neurons
expiratory neurons - forced expiration

56
Q

two major portions of the pons

A

pneumotaxic center - upper
apneustic center - lower

57
Q

pneumotaxic center job

A

rhythm of ventilation
balancing time periods of inspiration and expiration
- done by inhibiting the apneustic center

58
Q

apneustic center job

A

sustained/prolonged breathing patterns

59
Q

afferent connections to the respiratory centers of brainstem

A

limbic system
hypothalamus
chemoreceptors
lungs

60
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased levels of carbon dioxide in blood

61
Q

why is oxygen supplementation tricky for those with COPD

A

hypoxic drive has taken control over breathing by responding to oxygen receptors

  • supplemental oxygen will suppress hypoxic drive and decrease breathing rate
62
Q

how does emphysema affect lung compliance

A

lack of recoil leads to reduced inward pull

small changes in transmural pressure allows for hyperinflation of the lungs

63
Q

two main components of diffusion

A

alveolar ventilation
pulmonary perfusion

64
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

air bringing in oxygen to lungs

65
Q

pulmonary perfusion

A

blood receiving O2 and releasing CO2

66
Q

upright position effect on perfusion

A

perfusion is greatest at base of lung compared to apices

67
Q

prone position effect on ventilation perfusion matching

A

ventilation increases to posterior bases

68
Q

how is oxygen transported

A

mostly by binding to hemoglobin (98%)

dissolved in plasma (<2%)

69
Q

gold standard of measuring oxyhemoglobin saturation

A

analysis of arterial blood gasses

70
Q

normal hemoglobin levels for males and females

A

male - 13-18 g/dL
female - 12-16 g/dL

71
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported

A

dissolved in plasma
carbaminohemoglobin
bicarbonate ion

72
Q

how is ejection fraction calculated/ what is a normative value?

A

Systolic / End Diastolic Vol
60-70% of blood per contraction

73
Q

hormones associated with vasoconstriction

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine
angiotensin II
vasopressin

74
Q

hormones associated with vasodilation

A

bradykinin
histamine

75
Q

role of nitric oxide

A

vasodilation - released in response to chemical/physical stimuli of endothelium

76
Q

those taking drugs containing nitrate derivatives experience

A

dilation of blood vessels throughout the entire body due to nitric oxide being broken down and released

– what will be taken if they have ischemic heart disease

ExPhys (9 decks)

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