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Geog 308 > Textbook > Flashcards

Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

When was the earth formed?

A

14 billion years ago

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2
Q

W hat evidence shows now earth came from the Big Bang

A

1) distance star clusters more away faster than ones that are closer
2)constant background microwave cosmetre radiation in the universe.

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3
Q

How many stars are in the Milky Way?

A

400 billion

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4
Q

What are the terrestrial planets?

A

Solid surface + smaller in size
Mercury, Venus; Earth, mars

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5
Q

What are the Jovian plants

A

Comprised of gas
Jupiter, Saturn, urnas, Neptune.

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6
Q

What is the shape of the earth?

A

Oblate spheroid.

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7
Q

What is the angle of incidence.

A

The angle of which the suns rays contact the earths surface.
Dependant of latitude(think of total E received by an area)
Law lat = high E

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8
Q

How to identify the plane of elliptic

A

Birds Eye view from North Pole

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9
Q

What direction does the earth revolve

A

Counter clock

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10
Q

W hen is earth closest to the sun, what is the scientific name?

A

Perihelion - this occurs during January
149 million km

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11
Q

When is earth farthest from the sun? What is the name?

A

Aphelion - in July
152 million km

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12
Q

Why does the North hemisphere experience “reverse” seasons-

A

Due to the axis tilt of the earth. (23.5)

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13
Q

What direction doze the earth spin

A

Canter clock

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14
Q

Circle of illumination

A

The boundary between day and night

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15
Q

How many time zones exist- hav are they spaced

A

24 zones, each = 15 degrees

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16
Q

How does temp impact air pressured

A

Warm air causes air particles to scatterand move away from each other- this lowers density and pressure
Vice versa applies

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17
Q

Can air pressure vary horizontally

A

Yes

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18
Q

How is wind formed

A

Via rising of warm air generated by a low pressure system and the movement of high pressure air downwards to replace it

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19
Q

What is an extreme example of a lau pressure system?

A

Cyclone.
In the North hemisphere air moves canter clock while in South it moves clockwise

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20
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can’t be created Er destroyed, only transferred from one form to another

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21
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy (heat) transfer flows spontaneously from region of high temp to region of low temp.
Never reverse

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22
Q

What is radiation

A

Wave like energy that is employed through an object that travels through space.
It don’t not require an Intermediate body/ moles in order to be transferred

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23
Q

Is intense radiation longwared or short?

A

Short!

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24
Q

What wave type is most common in radiation?

A

Infrared

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25
Q

Conduction

A

Energy transfer between molecules in contact with one another

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26
Q

How does conduction work

A

Increased heat causes molecules to move faster, causing collisions that produce similar motions in adjacent molecules

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27
Q

Convection

A

The upward movement of heat through liquids or gases

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28
Q

What is convection natural associated with?

A

Atmospheric circulation of heat and precipitation (cloud formation)

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29
Q

Radiation 20

A

Electromagnetic energy transmitted in the form of waves

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30
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance bound crest

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31
Q

Amplitude

A

Half the height between the crest and wave through

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32
Q

What is the smallest wore length category?

A

Gamma rays ( <0.001 micro)

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33
Q

Largest wavelength?

A

Radio waves (10 0-100 m’s long)

34
Q

What is the color range on the EMR spectrum.

A

375 nm (purple) to 740 nm (red)

35
Q

What are the 2 principles of EMR

A

Inverse relation exists between the temp of an object and the wave length it emits.(hot object emit short waves)
Direct relation exists between an objects absolute temp and the amount of radiation it emits.(hct objects emit more radiant )(exponetial relation)

36
Q

Inverse square law

A

As energy (radiation) moves further and further from its source the rays become more spread out
Ray intensity decreases with distance
Rays graveling 2x distance will only have y4 of its original intensity

37
Q

Solar constant

A

The conti nouns output of energy by the sun = 1367 W/ m2 when measured at the top of the atmosphere

38
Q

What is the height range for the atmosphere

A

Just Below ground lvl to 480km

39
Q

Where is most of the atmospheres mass found?

A

Between 0-30 km

40
Q

Troposphere

A

Lowest thermal layer
Surface - 12km
Majority of weather occurs here as majority of H2O Vapor is stared here

41
Q

What is the troposphere main source of heat?

A

The radiation leaving/emited from earths surface

42
Q

Environmental lapse rate

A

Increase in elevation in the troposphere by 1000m causes a decrease by 6.5°C

43
Q

Where is the tropopause?

A

The point where the atmospheric temp is - 57°C
This can vary throughout the year- depending an season and latitude.

44
Q

What is the thickness range of the troposphere?

A

81m (at poles) up Te 16 km
This is due to the “lack” of radiation en received at the poles while the equatorial region receives not

45
Q

Temp inversion

A

When warmair overlies the cold air
Can happen anywhere in the trope
Results in fog and smog due to reduced vertical mixing of pollutants.

46
Q

Where does the name troposphere originate from?

A

Greek word “tropos” meaning to turn or to mix de to the active nature of the atmosphere layer.

47
Q

Stratosphere.

A

The layer immediately above the troposphere’
12-15 km
Important bc it contains the ozone layer

48
Q

What is the origin of stratosphere name?

A

Greek letter “stratos “ meaning layer

49
Q

What is the concentration of ozone in the states

A

10ppmv vis c.04ppmu in troop

50
Q

What does the ozone layer da?

A

Filter uv radiation from sun and re-radiates it as infrared energy

51
Q

Where is the ‘isothermal layer fond in the stratosphere

A

Between the tropopause and the base layer of the ozone layer(-57°C)
at higher regions of Tre strato ozone absorbs uu radiation (200 - 310nm) very well, causing warming

52
Q

What wave length does ozere absorb the best?

A

250nm

53
Q

Where is the strato passé located

A

When the atmosphere temp steps increasing (.59)

54
Q

Why is the state important for humans

A

Minimal moisture and deal presence allows for increased visibility by pickets.

55
Q

Mesosphere

A

Decreasing temp
50-80km
Positive lapse rate
Where meters burn via collisions with ions

56
Q

What is the origin of the mesosphere

A

Greek term “mesos” meaning in the middle

57
Q

What does solar radiator do in the mesosphere

A

It reduces gas moles to individual ions
These can interfear with satellite communication

58
Q

Thermosphere

A

Upperlayer
80.480km
Gasses stared in layers based on masses
Large temp increase

59
Q

Origin of thermosphere.

A

Greek word “thermo” meaning heat

60
Q

Why is there a dramatic increase in temp in the thermosphere

A

Solar rad interacts with the few oxygen molecules, causing them to produce aloe of kinetic energy, though the layer doesn’t feel not actually feel not due to large spacing between molecules

61
Q

What causes the seasons

A

Earths tilt and position of earth in orbit

62
Q

What is the sub solar paint

A

The point where the sun is precived to be directly overhead zenith = 0)
Where the sun is striking most intensely

63
Q

What is the meaning of equinox

A

When the subsolar point is at the equator at all localities an earth
Equal hours of light + darkness

64
Q

Meaning of solstice

A

When the angel of incidence is 90° at other of the tropical binderies

65
Q

When is the vernal equinox

A

March 20 -21
Spring in North
Subsolar pt at equator

66
Q

When is Sumer solstice

A

June 20-21
Angle of incidence is at tropic of cancer

67
Q

When is autumnal equinox

A

Sept 22-23
Sub solar pt at equator
Fall in north

68
Q

When is the winter solstice

A

Dec 21 - 22
Angus of incidence is at tropic of Capricorn
All latitudes above attic circle experience 24 hr of darkness
Winter in North

69
Q

What is precession

A

Slight wobble in the earth axis
Caused via gravitational pull of sun and moon on equatorial buldge

70
Q

What is the average tilt of the earth

A

23.5°
Follows 23,000 year cyclical pattern

71
Q

What direction does the sun migrate from season to season?

A

North to south
As the North hem moves from summer to fall the sun migrates south towards the equator

72
Q

Where are seasonal changes most pronounced?

A

Regions of higher latitudes

73
Q

What is the Angle of Incidence

A

The angle at which solar radiation strikes the earth.c

74
Q

What are non anthropogenic reasonings for climate change

A

Volcanic activity - ash blocks incoming radiation
Asteroid impacts - increase Luis of atmospheric dust= block radiation
Movement of landmasses

75
Q

Who explained the glacial cycles

A

Milankovich

76
Q

What is the yearly cycle of eccentricity?

A

90 000 - 100000 years

77
Q

What happens when the earth is more elliptical

A

20.30% increase in insulation at the perihelion than what is received at the aphelion
Lead to coder summers in the high latitudes

78
Q

What explains Er seasons

A

Tilt of the earth
Obliquty

79
Q

What is the yearly cycle of earths ebliquity?

A

40 000 years
Varies between 22.1° and 24.5°
Greater tilts result in larger seasonal contrast due to the sub salad point reaching higher latitudes

80
Q

What is the yearly cycle of procession?

A

23,000 years

81
Q

When is the occurrence of glaciation periods!

A

100 000 years

Geog 308 (17 decks)

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