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Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

When was the earth formed?

A

14 billion years ago

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2
Q

W hat evidence shows now earth came from the Big Bang

A

1) distance star clusters more away faster than ones that are closer
2)constant background microwave cosmetre radiation in the universe.

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3
Q

How many stars are in the Milky Way?

A

400 billion

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4
Q

What are the terrestrial planets?

A

Solid surface + smaller in size
Mercury, Venus; Earth, mars

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5
Q

What are the Jovian plants

A

Comprised of gas
Jupiter, Saturn, urnas, Neptune.

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6
Q

What is the shape of the earth?

A

Oblate spheroid.

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7
Q

What is the angle of incidence.

A

The angle of which the suns rays contact the earths surface.
Dependant of latitude(think of total E received by an area)
Law lat = high E

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8
Q

How to identify the plane of elliptic

A

Birds Eye view from North Pole

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9
Q

What direction does the earth revolve

A

Counter clock

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10
Q

W hen is earth closest to the sun, what is the scientific name?

A

Perihelion - this occurs during January
149 million km

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11
Q

When is earth farthest from the sun? What is the name?

A

Aphelion - in July
152 million km

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12
Q

Why does the North hemisphere experience “reverse” seasons-

A

Due to the axis tilt of the earth. (23.5)

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13
Q

What direction doze the earth spin

A

Canter clock

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14
Q

Circle of illumination

A

The boundary between day and night

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15
Q

How many time zones exist- hav are they spaced

A

24 zones, each = 15 degrees

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16
Q

How does temp impact air pressured

A

Warm air causes air particles to scatterand move away from each other- this lowers density and pressure
Vice versa applies

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17
Q

Can air pressure vary horizontally

A

Yes

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18
Q

How is wind formed

A

Via rising of warm air generated by a low pressure system and the movement of high pressure air downwards to replace it

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19
Q

What is an extreme example of a lau pressure system?

A

Cyclone.
In the North hemisphere air moves canter clock while in South it moves clockwise

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20
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can’t be created Er destroyed, only transferred from one form to another

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21
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy (heat) transfer flows spontaneously from region of high temp to region of low temp.
Never reverse

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22
Q

What is radiation

A

Wave like energy that is employed through an object that travels through space.
It don’t not require an Intermediate body/ moles in order to be transferred

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23
Q

Is intense radiation longwared or short?

A

Short!

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24
Q

What wave type is most common in radiation?

A

Infrared

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25
Conduction
Energy transfer between molecules in contact with one another
26
How does conduction work
Increased heat causes molecules to move faster, causing collisions that produce similar motions in adjacent molecules
27
Convection
The upward movement of heat through liquids or gases
28
What is convection natural associated with?
Atmospheric circulation of heat and precipitation (cloud formation)
29
Radiation 20
Electromagnetic energy transmitted in the form of waves
30
Wavelength
Distance bound crest
31
Amplitude
Half the height between the crest and wave through
32
What is the smallest wore length category?
Gamma rays ( <0.001 micro)
33
Largest wavelength?
Radio waves (10 0-100 m's long)
34
What is the color range on the EMR spectrum.
375 nm (purple) to 740 nm (red)
35
What are the 2 principles of EMR
Inverse relation exists between the temp of an object and the wave length it emits.(hot object emit short waves) Direct relation exists between an objects absolute temp and the amount of radiation it emits.(hct objects emit more radiant )(exponetial relation)
36
Inverse square law
As energy (radiation) moves further and further from its source the rays become more spread out Ray intensity decreases with distance Rays graveling 2x distance will only have y4 of its original intensity
37
Solar constant
The conti nouns output of energy by the sun = 1367 W/ m2 when measured at the top of the atmosphere
38
What is the height range for the atmosphere
Just Below ground lvl to 480km
39
Where is most of the atmospheres mass found?
Between 0-30 km
40
Troposphere
Lowest thermal layer Surface - 12km Majority of weather occurs here as majority of H2O Vapor is stared here
41
What is the troposphere main source of heat?
The radiation leaving/emited from earths surface
42
Environmental lapse rate
Increase in elevation in the troposphere by 1000m causes a decrease by 6.5°C
43
Where is the tropopause?
The point where the atmospheric temp is - 57°C This can vary throughout the year- depending an season and latitude.
44
What is the thickness range of the troposphere?
81m (at poles) up Te 16 km This is due to the "lack" of radiation en received at the poles while the equatorial region receives not
45
Temp inversion
When warmair overlies the cold air Can happen anywhere in the trope Results in fog and smog due to reduced vertical mixing of pollutants.
46
Where does the name troposphere originate from?
Greek word "tropos" meaning to turn or to mix de to the active nature of the atmosphere layer.
47
Stratosphere.
The layer immediately above the troposphere' 12-15 km Important bc it contains the ozone layer
48
What is the origin of stratosphere name?
Greek letter "stratos " meaning layer
49
What is the concentration of ozone in the states
10ppmv vis c.04ppmu in troop
50
What does the ozone layer da?
Filter uv radiation from sun and re-radiates it as infrared energy
51
Where is the 'isothermal layer fond in the stratosphere
Between the tropopause and the base layer of the ozone layer(-57°C) at higher regions of Tre strato ozone absorbs uu radiation (200 - 310nm) very well, causing warming
52
What wave length does ozere absorb the best?
250nm
53
Where is the strato passé located
When the atmosphere temp steps increasing (.59)
54
Why is the state important for humans
Minimal moisture and deal presence allows for increased visibility by pickets.
55
Mesosphere
Decreasing temp 50-80km Positive lapse rate Where meters burn via collisions with ions
56
What is the origin of the mesosphere
Greek term "mesos" meaning in the middle
57
What does solar radiator do in the mesosphere
It reduces gas moles to individual ions These can interfear with satellite communication
58
Thermosphere
Upperlayer 80.480km Gasses stared in layers based on masses Large temp increase
59
Origin of thermosphere.
Greek word "thermo" meaning heat
60
Why is there a dramatic increase in temp in the thermosphere
Solar rad interacts with the few oxygen molecules, causing them to produce aloe of kinetic energy, though the layer doesn't feel not actually feel not due to large spacing between molecules
61
What causes the seasons
Earths tilt and position of earth in orbit
62
What is the sub solar paint
The point where the sun is precived to be directly overhead zenith = 0) Where the sun is striking most intensely
63
What is the meaning of equinox
When the subsolar point is at the equator at all localities an earth Equal hours of light + darkness
64
Meaning of solstice
When the angel of incidence is 90° at other of the tropical binderies
65
When is the vernal equinox
March 20 -21 Spring in North Subsolar pt at equator
66
When is Sumer solstice
June 20-21 Angle of incidence is at tropic of cancer
67
When is autumnal equinox
Sept 22-23 Sub solar pt at equator Fall in north
68
When is the winter solstice
Dec 21 - 22 Angus of incidence is at tropic of Capricorn All latitudes above attic circle experience 24 hr of darkness Winter in North
69
What is precession
Slight wobble in the earth axis Caused via gravitational pull of sun and moon on equatorial buldge
70
What is the average tilt of the earth
23.5° Follows 23,000 year cyclical pattern
71
What direction does the sun migrate from season to season?
North to south As the North hem moves from summer to fall the sun migrates south towards the equator
72
Where are seasonal changes most pronounced?
Regions of higher latitudes
73
What is the Angle of Incidence
The angle at which solar radiation strikes the earth.c
74
What are non anthropogenic reasonings for climate change
Volcanic activity - ash blocks incoming radiation Asteroid impacts - increase Luis of atmospheric dust= block radiation Movement of landmasses
75
Who explained the glacial cycles
Milankovich
76
What is the yearly cycle of eccentricity?
90 000 - 100000 years
77
What happens when the earth is more elliptical
20.30% increase in insulation at the perihelion than what is received at the aphelion Lead to coder summers in the high latitudes
78
What explains Er seasons
Tilt of the earth Obliquty
79
What is the yearly cycle of earths ebliquity?
40 000 years Varies between 22.1° and 24.5° Greater tilts result in larger seasonal contrast due to the sub salad point reaching higher latitudes
80
What is the yearly cycle of procession?
23,000 years
81
When is the occurrence of glaciation periods!
100 000 years

Geog 308 (17 decks)

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