Textbook

Question 1

What method of investigation did Descartes use to study himself

Answer 1

Introspection

Question 2

What is psychophysics?

Answer 2

The measurement of physical stimuli and their effects

Question 3

Webber’s law

Answer 3

JNDs require greater increases as stimulus intensity increases

Question 4

Sucking reflex

Answer 4

All infants suck when mouth is appropriately stimulated

Question 5

Moro-reflex

Answer 5

Infants startle reflex

Question 6

Introceptive conditioning

Answer 6

Conditions of actions involving glands or involuntary muscles

Question 7

Contiguity

Answer 7

Occurs at the same place and time

Question 8

Contingency

Answer 8

When the occurrence of one event depends on the occurrence of the other

Question 9

Is Operant conditioning an example of contiguity or contingency

Answer 9

Contingency

Question 10

Delayed pairing

Answer 10

(Cs) is presented before the (US) and continues during the presentation of the (US)

Question 11

Trace pairing

Answer 11

The (cs) starts and ends before the (US)

Question 12

Backward pairing

Answer 12

The (US) has already been presented and removed before presentation of the (cs)

Question 13

Simultaneous pairing

Answer 13

The (cs) is presented and removed at the same time as the (US)

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

The disappearance of a behaviour when it is not reinforced

Question 15

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

The reappearance of a response that had previously been extinct

Question 16

What did Watson use as his theory

Answer 16

Behaviourism

Question 17

Transfer

Answer 17

Also known as stimulus generalization

Question 18

Negative transfer

Answer 18

The interference of previous learning to that of new learning

Question 19

Who accounts for one-shot-learning

Answer 19

Gurthie

Question 20

Who accounts for (MPs)

Answer 20

Gurthie

Question 21

Is MPS contiguity or contingency

Answer 21

Contiguity

Question 22

Counter-conditioning

Answer 22

A behaviour modification technique in which you try to condition a desirable response to replace the undesirable one

Question 23

Who quoted that he would be able to make anything he wished out of a dozen healthy infants?

Answer 23

Watson

Question 24

Descartes as a dualist

Answer 24

Believed that even though the mind and body are separate they are in a sense united in the brain

Question 25

Changes in disposition are made by

Answer 25

Motivation

Question 26

Pop psychology

Answer 26

Inaccurate interpretations that are popularized through media

Question 27

Characteristics of a good theory:

Answer 27

Does it summarize and organize the information? Is it clear and understandable? Is it useful? Is it internally consistent? Is it satisfying and thought provoking?

Question 28

Steps in a scientific method:

Answer 28

1. Ask the question 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Collect relevant observations 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Reach and share a conclusion

Question 29

Experimental vs. Control group

Answer 29

Experimental: exposed to treatment Control: not exposed to treatment

Question 30

Nominal fallacy

Answer 30

The assumption that naming something explains something (saying a child is mentally disabled and that’s why they can’t learn)

Question 31

Hawthorne effect

Answer 31

The behaviour of an individual might change if they know they are being watched

Question 32

Placebo effect

Answer 32

The beneficial effects of a treatment that has no actual beneficial effects

Question 33

Nocebo effect

Answer 33

A persons belief of negative consequences of a drug increase the likelihood of gloomy effects

Question 34

What type of andlyzation of behaviour was used within structuralism

Answer 34

Introspectionism

Question 35

Behaviourism

Answer 35

Associated with analyzing observable behaviour

Question 36

Cognitivism

Answer 36

A theory associated with cognition: learning, thinking, processing

Question 37

The law of exercise

Answer 37

Bonds between stimuli and responses are strengthened through being repeated

Question 38

Who admitted that they were wrong about the law of exercise

Answer 38

Thorndike

Question 39

Who created the principle of belongingness?

Answer 39

Thorndike

Question 40

Spread of effect (thorndike)

Answer 40

When a response is followed by a satisfying state, other related responses are affected

Question 41

Who were contiguity theorists?

Answer 41

Watson, Pavlov, gurthie

Question 42

Who were reinforcement theorists

Answer 42

Thorndike and B.F Skinner

Question 43

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 43

Describes behaviour change as a result of its consequences

Question 44

Type r

Answer 44

Operant conditioning

Question 45

Type S

Answer 45

Classical conditioning

Question 46

Are our most important behaviours operant or classical according to skinner

Answer 46

Operant

Question 47

Pavlovs harness

Answer 47

Classical conditioning (salivation manipulation)

Question 48

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 48

The features of a situation that on organism can discriminate to distinguish between occasions that might be reinforced or not

Question 49

Reinforce

Answer 49

An event that follows a response and that changes the probability of a response occurring

Question 50

Reinforcement

Answer 50

The effect of a reinforcer

Question 51

Negative reinforcer

Answer 51

An increase in the probability that a response will recur following the elimination of a consequence

Question 52

Avoidance learning (as a result from punishment)

Answer 52

Organism will try to avoid the situation

Question 53

Escape learning (as a result from punishment)

Answer 53

' When the organism will try to escape the situation if it previously had a negative consequence

Question 54

Primary reinforces vs secondary

Answer 54

Primary: events that are reinforcing without any learning taking place Secondary: events that become reinforcing after learning occurs

Question 55

Generalized reinforcer

Answer 55

A reinforcer that appears to reinforce a wide variety of behaviours

Question 56

Superstitious schedule of reinforcement

Answer 56

Reinforcement occurs at a fixed time interval no matter what the organism is doing (behaviour there or not)

Question 57

Progressive ratio schedule

Answer 57

The organism needs to increase their behaviour drastically to get a reinforcement

Question 58

Forgetting vs extinction What is a slower process?

Answer 58

Forgetting

Question 59

A powerful reinforcement tools in humans

Answer 59

Money

Question 60

Hernstein's matching law

Answer 60

In a choice situation, an organisms response is guided by the probability of reinforcement

Question 61

Shaping

Answer 61

Reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired behaviour

Question 62

What is MPs also sometimes called

Answer 62

Chaining

Question 63

Chaining

Answer 63

The inking of a sequence of responses

Question 64

Fading

Answer 64

Certain aspects of a stimulus gradually fade until they are not present

Question 65

Aversive control

Answer 65

The use of unpleasant contingencies

Question 66

What is corporal punishment?

Answer 66

Physical punishment

Question 67

Counter-conditioning

Answer 67

Undesirable responses are replaced with a more acceptable one