Chapter 2

Question 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 1

Focused on structuralism

Question 2

What is structuralism?

Answer 2

Psychological processes as a product of physiology actions in the brain

Question 3

What is introspectionism?

Answer 3

Self reflection as a way of understanding thoughts ( opposite of structuralism)

Question 4

What are challenges of introspectionism?

Answer 4

Very personal
All subjective data

Question 5

Baldwin

Answer 5

Discovered functionalism

Question 6

What is functionalism?

Answer 6

A focus on the function/ purpose of a particular behaviour

Question 7

Early psychophysics include:

Answer 7

Sensation: the information that is coming in through your senses
perception: the brain processing the information coming in through your senses

Question 8

Absolute threshold

Answer 8

The difference between not being able to perceive a stimuli and just being able to perceive it
It is the point at which a stimuli will be detected 50% of the time

Question 9

Difference threshold

Answer 9

Also known as (just noticeable diffrence)
The least amount of change in stimulation that would be noticeable

Question 10

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 10

Creator of classical conditioning
He manipulated saliva production in dogs

Question 11

What is the (US) and (UR) in pavlovs study?

Answer 11

US= The Food
UR = salivation

Question 12

Buzzer response in pavlovs study

Answer 12

If a buzzer is sounded every time the food is presented it will become the (CS)
Now every time the buzzer is sounded it will evoke salivation (CR)

Question 13

What reflexes are humans born with?

Answer 13

Sucking reflex
Moro reflex
Knee-jerk reflex
Eye-blink reflex
Pupillary reflex

Question 14

Contiguity us contingency

Answer 14

Contiguity- events that occur in the same place or time will be associated
Contingency- events should be correlated

Question 15

Is classical conditions contiguity or contingency?

Answer 15

Contiguity

Question 16

Types of (CS) presentation

Answer 16

Delayed- (CS) is presented before food and left on
Trace- (CS) is presented before food comes
Simultaneous- (CS) Is presented at the same time as food
Backward- (CS) I’s presented after the food comes

Question 17

Stimulus generalization

Answer 17

Making similar responses when presented with related stimuli
Ex. Rooster attack generalized fear to all birds

Question 18

Stimuli discrimination

Answer 18

Making different responses to related but distantly different stimuli
Ex. Dog learns that a different frequency buzzer doesn’t result in food therefore no response is elicited

Question 19

Higher order conditioning

Answer 19

Responses and reinforcers linked in complex ways
Ex- rooster attack occurred at farm and now individual wont go to farms out of fear

Question 20

What study did Watson conduct

Answer 20

The little Albert study: used classical conditioning with a hammer to make Albert afraid of white rats

Question 21

Watsons theory of transfer

Answer 21

The making of similar responses for a variety of related stimuli

Question 22

Treatment for enuresis

Answer 22

Child sleeps on a pad
Chid wets the bed causing bell to ring
Child wakes up

After time the need to urinate alone will wake the child

Question 23

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 23

Learned association between the taste of food/chemicals to illness

Question 24

Guinea pig injection classical conditioning

Answer 24

Guinea pigs injected with antibodies
Then paired injections with light
Injections + light = better immunity
Lights alone = better immunity

Question 25

Gurthies law of one shot learning

Answer 25

When an organism does something on one occasion, it is likely to do the same thing over and over again if the occasion repeats itself

Question 26

Movement product stimuli

Answer 26

A stimulus is not just one sensation but rather a combination of numerous sensations
Therefore a response is not just a single, final act; rather a sequence of actions

Question 27

Ways of breaking a habit

Answer 27

Fatigue: overuse the stimuli to the point of no interest (smoking multiple cigarettes until it becomes gross and you are no longer interested)

Threshold: gradually building up to breaking habit (1st week 5 cigs, 2nd week 2 cigs, 3rd week none)

Incompatible stimuli: stimuli and response are on opposite sides ( going outside in winter to smoke with no gloves. Smoking is no longer nice as you are cold the whole time)