Chapter 1

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

Relatively permanent (open to change) changes in behaviour that result from experience. Not due to fatigue, aging, maturation, disease etc.

Question 2

what is experience?

Answer 2

Exposure to external or internal events to which the organism is sensitive to. These events are called stimuli. Some type of experience has to occur for learning to occur.

Question 3

What is change in behaviour?

Answer 3

Observable changes following experience.

Question 4

What is the order of learning?

Answer 4

Experience >learning >change in behaviour

Question 5

Bubba (grandmother) psychology

Answer 5

Known as “implicit” or “naive” psychology.
Grandmothers know / think something therefore it must be true

Question 6

Common misconceptions about the brain

Answer 6

1. Only 10% of the brain is used
2. L & R hemisphere of brain have clearly separate functions
   S brain never changes after birth

Question 7

Mueller and Oppenheimer experiment

Answer 7

Learning occurs better / faster if individual writes their notes rather than type.
Laptop = transcribing = missing key points

Question 8

What is rationalism?

Answer 8

Truth and knowledge to be found WITHIN us

Question 9

What is empiricism?

Answer 9

Truth and knowledge found outside ourselves by using our senses ( experiential learning)

Question 10

Was Plato a rationalist or empiricist ?

Answer 10

Rationalist
He believed truth and knowledge could be discovered through self-reflection.”tapping into your internal knowledge”

Question 11

Was Aristotle a rationalist or empiricist?

Answer 11

Empiricist
He used his senses to look for truth and knowledge in the world outside of him.

Question 12

What method of discovering truth did Socrates use?

Answer 12

He used the Dialectic method : investigating and discussing the truth of opinions. Ex tutorial discussions.

Question 13

Modern education

Answer 13

Uses rationalism, empiricism and dialectic method synchronously

Question 14

Roman Catholics learning theory

Answer 14

Invokes memorization and recitation ex- recitation of scripture.

Question 15

Rene Descartes

Answer 15

Interested in the internal works of the body.
Revived the platonic concept of innate knowledge
Believed to be an interactive dualist “i think, therefore l am”

Question 16

John Locke

Answer 16

Revived Aristotle’s empiricism with the concept of the Childs mind being a blank tablet (tabula rasa).
Blank slate brain

Question 17

Who quoted this?
“ let us suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas: how comes it to be furnished? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge?… From experience”

Answer 17

John Locke

Question 18

Who quoted this?
“The only habit which the child should be allowed to form is to contract no habit whatever.”

Answer 18

Jean - Jacque Rousseau
Allows children to experience things on their own to lead to learning.

Question 19

Immanuel Kant

Answer 19

Suggests that a priori knowledge was knowledge that was present before experience (at birth)

Question 20

Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 20

Puzzle boxes
First modern psychologist
Wanted to bring a scientific approach to psychology

Question 21

Who was B.F Skinner and what did he work on

Answer 21

Was a behaviouralist
Animal testing ( operant conditioning)
Work with rats and mice: lever pressing
Work with pigeons: pecking (response rate)

Question 22

B.F Skinner (response rate)

Answer 22

Allowed learning to be measured numerically
Response rate = # of responses divided by time

Question 23

Who can laboratory animals help us understand according to Skinner?

Answer 23

Children

Question 24

Jean Piaget

Answer 24

Believed learning to be a developmental cognitive process
States both memorization and free activity is needed for learning
Believes the age of subject must be considered when choosing a learning model

Question 25

Vygotsky

Answer 25

Includes the notion of social-cultural cognition: learning occurs in a cultural context and involves social interaction.

Question 26

Who created the idea of “zone of proximal development”

Answer 26

Vygotsky

Question 27

What is zone of proximal development?

Answer 27

An individuals current potential for intellectual development
Through the help of a mentor learning can occur in stages

Question 28

What is progressive learning theory?

Answer 28

Uses both experience and reflection as a basis for learning

Question 29

John Dewey

Answer 29

Believes education should not be separate from life itself discovery learning should occur through discovery)
And that the teacher should stop thinking of themselves as a boss but rather a group leader

Question 30

Maria Montessori

Answer 30

Provided freedom/ exploration to children in a structured environment where they can play and learn

Question 31

The learning process: associations

Answer 31

Learning is a process of drawing connections to previously learnt information and new knowledge

Question 32

The learning process: social/cultural contexts

Answer 32

Learning is influenced by the home, the Community and the classroom environment

Question 33

The learning process: individual preferences

Answer 33

An individual will learn best by their preferred way of learning

Question 34

What Is pedagogy?

Answer 34

The science of teaching and learning