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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

brochure

A

a document to introduce a company, service, product or organisation and inform its potential customers of the benefits
usually folded pieces of paper that contains crucial information about the product, organisation, company or service

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2
Q

characteristics of brochures, flyers, leaflets

produced by, aim, target audience

A
  • produced by people offering a service or product with the intention to sell it and spread the word
  • usually colourful and focused on aesthetic design
  • aim: to attract customers and increase their consumer base
  • target audience: people in need of the product or service offered
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3
Q

what do brochures/flyers/leaflets include?

A

name of the product
intended use of the product
its manufacturer
pictures
ways of contacting the producer, address

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4
Q

travel writing

A
  • = a genre of non-fiction writing in which the author describes places they have visited and their experiences while travelling
  • the author shares the experiences, observations, and reflections during their travels to different places
  • may focus on the personal journey of the author or offer a detailed description of a specific destination
  • can take on many forms: books, articles, blogs, …
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5
Q

aim, author, target audience of travel writing

A
  • aim: inform and entertain the audience about destinations and trip details ⇒ combines factual information with personal insights
  • author: explorers, journalists, adventurers, bloggers, professional writers
  • target audience: varies widely depending on the form and content of the text and may include travel enthusiasts, adventureres, explorers, the general public, travel planners
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6
Q

formal characteristics of travel writing

layout, viewpoint, structure, information, description, visuals

A
  • commonly uses an immersive layout ⇒ letting the reader vividly experience the trip through the written word
  • viewpoint: often documents the personal experiences of someone exploring a new place or country ⇒ often in the first person
  • structure: clear headings and subheadings, in chronological order
  • information: can present facts and figures, names and dates, historical or architectural or geographical information and more
  • description: visual imagery, vivid description, figurative comparisons, in order to help the reader visualize a far-off place
  • visuals: photographs, maps, or floor plans of famous locations
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7
Q

perspective in travel writing

A

an outsider’s perspective is common especially if the destination is new, exotic or remote
an insider’s perspective if it is inviting the reader to visit or share an experience in a different part of the world

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8
Q

stylistic conventions in travel writing

A
  • first-person narrative (the author shares their personal experience, thoughts, and feelings)
  • descriptive language (descriptions of places, people, food, landscapes, and cultures)
  • use of metaphors and similes (comparing unfamiliar places to known concepts)
  • anecdotes (help engage the reader and make the narrative more relatable)
  • use of humor (especially in more informal or blog-style travel writing)
  • reflective tone
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9
Q

article def

A

= a piece of writing on a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine, or on the internet

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10
Q

six main issues regarding any news

A

who, what, when, where, why and how

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11
Q

magazine def

A

= a periodical publication containing articles by various writers; especially one with stories, articles on general subjects; usually illustrated

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12
Q

authors of magazine articles

A

produded by publication companies
articles are written by subject matter experts or by the magazine’s own staff writers

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13
Q

purpose, target audience of magazine articles

A

purpose: to inform its readers about certain topics, gossip, stories and provoke thought or sometimes even influence opinion
target audience: enthusiasts, professionals or hobbyists interested in specific topics, on which the magazine is focused on

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14
Q

structural characteristics of magazines and magazine articles

A

magazine: articles, photos and the cover
magazine articles: headline (attention-grabbing) => introduction, lead (hook) => body (often divided into sections with subheadings (greater detail on a certain topic) => conclusion (summarizes the main points or leaves the reader with a thought-provoking question/ending)

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15
Q

stylistic conventions of magazine articles

A
  • anecdotes, personal stories
  • imagery
  • informal language, conversational tone
  • terms specific to a certain field/subject
  • metaphors, analogies
  • descriptive language
  • photographs, illustrations
  • eye-catching colors
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16
Q

newspaper def

A

= a printed publication, usually issued daily or weekly, consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, articles, advertisements and correspondence

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17
Q

authors of newspaper articles

A

the newspaper is created by a team of journalists, editors and layout designers
articles within the newspaper are then written by individual, different journalists or staff reporters

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18
Q

purpose, target audience of news articles

A

purpose of news articles: to objectively inform the public about current events, doing so clearly and quickly
target audience: varies on the theme, consists of people seeking factual, reliable updates about different situations (mainstream publications ⇒ wider audience; specific information ⇒ smaller audience)

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19
Q

structural characteristics of a newspaper article

A

headline (an idea of the articles content)
inverted pyramid structure ⇒ most important information is presented at the beginning of the article, while towards the end the information is decreasingly important
introduction (main information, often in bold)
body (provides supporting information, background)
quotes from relevant sources
date of publication

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20
Q

stylistic conventions of a newspaper

A
  • AP (Associated Press) style of writing ⇒ standardizing grammar, punctuation, language
  • short, clear sentences and paragraphs
  • objective tone
  • images, videos (online), photographs
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21
Q

newspaper vs magazine article

A
  1. tone (magazines ⇒ more narrative, opinionated; news ⇒ objective)
  2. length (magazines ⇒ longer, more detailed; news ⇒ concise, straight to the point)
  3. engagement (magazines ⇒ entertaining, captivating; news ⇒ informative)
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22
Q

editorial

A

leader (UK) = article commonly found in newspapers, magazines, or online platforms that expresses the opinion of the publication’s editorial team, the publisher, or a specific journalist on a particular topic or an issue
provides commentary, analysis, and critique of discussed topics (usually political, social, and cultural issues)

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23
Q

aim, target audience of an editorial

A

aim: offer in-depth commentary and an analysis of recent events or trends, to influence the public’s opinion, to encourage action or change, and to raise awareness
target audience: general readers of news media or a specific newspaper, magazine, website (can range from a broad to a particular group depending on the topic discussed in the article)

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24
Q

stylistic conventions of editorials

A
  • persuasive, authoritative tone (convinces readers of the validity of the author’s opinion and establishes credibility)
  • language ⇒ formal, clear, concise
  • rhetorical devices ⇒ hyperbole, irony, metaphors, analogies, rhetorical questions
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25
Q

op-ed def

A

= a post in a newspaper that appears to oppose the editorial, though it has more recently become a column written by a person not working for the press who is usually an expert on the topic and can, therefore, offer some insight

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26
Q

target audience of an op-ed

A

specific audience that reads the newspaper, groups of people connected to the topic of writing

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27
Q

stylistic conventions of an op-ed

A
  • calls for action on a present topic
  • has a clear purpose, thesis
  • well argumented
  • conversational tone, oftentimes contemplative, descriptive, experienced, authoritative
  • emotive language appropriate for its target audience
  • clear and concise
  • rhetorical devices: rhetorical questions, anecdotes, analogies, metaphors
28
Q

memoir

A

= a narrative, written from the perspective of the author, about an important part of their life

29
Q

types of memoirs

A
  1. transformational memoir ⇒ written after an author has endured a great challenge, theme of redemption
  2. confessional memoir ⇒ description of the author’s painful secrets about themselves or their family, how these secrets affect people
  3. professional, celebrity memoir ⇒ important moments in the author’s rise to fame and success
  4. travel memoir ⇒ about a time and place through the author’s POV
30
Q

target audience of a memoir

A

those who share similar experiences or perspectives
those who oppose the author’s views

31
Q

author of a memoir

A

memoirist ⇒ shares the story from their own past, or the past of a relative, friend or close one, usually comes from the belief that their story is important

32
Q

purpose of a memoir

A
  • a way of coping
  • spreading awareness, finding people who have been in similar situations
  • sharing the author’s worldview and wisdom
  • insight on why a person became who they are (professional memoir)
  • sway people to take on the author’s own perspectives, worldviews
33
Q

formal characteristics of memoirs

A
  • specific focus
  • structure: introduction – body – conclusion
  • narrative is story-like
  • chronological order
  • slow-paced
  • follows an emotional journey
  • specific to a theme
34
Q

stylistic conventions of memoirs

A
  • imagery
  • first-person narrative
  • reflective, vulnerable and honest tone
  • literary devices (metaphors, similes)
  • emphasis on story-telling
35
Q

how an autobiography differs from a memoir

A
  • a memoir does not span over the entire life of the author
  • an autobiography primarily focuses on facts
36
Q

interview def

A

= a conversation including questions and answers that happens between an interviewer and an interviewee
recorded in some way

37
Q

purpose of an interview

A

to inform, to discuss controversial issues and entertain

38
Q

structure of an interview

A
  • introductory context = starts with background information on the interviewee and the purpose of the interview
  • Q&A format
  • questions can follow a natural sequence (chronological) or focus on specific themes
39
Q

stylistic conventions of an interview

A
  • direct speech
  • open-ended questions
  • consistent tone
40
Q

blog def

A

= online journal, informational website
topical ⇒ about current affairs that people care about

41
Q

author, purpose and target audience of a blog

A

author: individuals, influencers, industry experts, businesses, organizations, …
purpose: share knowledge, promote a brand or service, inform, entertain, inspire, engage, …
target audience: general readers, niche interest groups, professionals, potential customers, or fans

42
Q

stylistic conventions of a blog

A
  • conversational tone
  • first or second person narration
  • inclusive language
  • questions, anecdotes to promote engagement
  • visuals
  • SEO ⇒ include keywords, headings, tags to improve visibility in search engines
43
Q

text type conventions of a letter

A
  • name, date, address
  • salutation
  • statement of purpose = short and clear outlining of the reason for writing the letter, usually found in the opening paragraph
  • register = distance between the writer and recipient
  • call to action = what the writer would like the reader to do in response to the letter, usually at the end of the letter
  • closing
44
Q

types of letters

A
  1. formal letter
  2. informal letter
  3. letter to an editor
  4. open letter
45
Q

target audience of a formal letter

A

organisations, companies, people we don’t know personally and are not intimately connected with them

46
Q

style of a formal letter

A

use of full sentences, paragraphs, formal labels
lack of contractions, abbreviations
more complex sentence structure
objective, formal language and register
use of formulaic expressions (= conversational speech formulas, idioms, proverbs, pause fillers, counting, swearing, and other conventional and multiword units)

47
Q

target audience and purpose of an informal letter

A

target audience: friends, relatives, romantic interests
purpose: to inform, amuse, inquire, request

48
Q

style of an informal letter

A
  • frequent colloquial language
  • subjective, emotional language
  • contractions and abbreviations
  • idiomatic language
  • anecdotes
49
Q

target audience and purpose of a letter to an editor

A
  • target audience: a magazine or newspaper in response to an article
  • editors decide which letters to publish, which to discard
  • purpose: to reflect the opinions of the publication’s readers
50
Q

structure of a letter to an editor

A
  • opening and closing salutations
  • reference to the original article: title, date, author
  • a clear statement of the purpose of the letter, the author’s opinion
  • counter argument, recommendation
  • call to answer (frequently a rhetorical question)
  • signature: name, surname, where from the letter was written (for the writer’s context)
  • brevity: usually brief and state their point immediately
51
Q

style of a letter to an editor

A
  • full sentences and paragraphs
  • punchy, concise sentences
  • objective, formal language and register
  • no contractions
  • rhetorical questions
  • criticism of the original article, commending the author and reiterating their points
  • interesting facts
  • quotations
52
Q

purpose and structure of an open letter

A

purpose: to be read by a wide audience or for an individual, but is nonetheless widely distributed
structure: letter addressed to an individual but provided to the public through media

53
Q

cartoons vs comics

A

Cartoons ⇒ just one panel, captures just one specific moment in time
Comic (graphic novel) ⇒ multiple panels, captures several moments in time

54
Q

panel vs frame vs gutter

A

Panel = the individual segment or box that contains a part of the story (the content)
Frame = the border or outline around a panel
Gutter = the space between panels

55
Q

features of cartoons and comics

A
  • composition ⇒ foreground, background, left, right, angle, distance, balance, lines
  • negative space
  • narrative ⇒ context (time and setting), characters in the panels (clothing, size, hands, feet, face, eyes, gaze, distortion through caricature), plot (emanata, speech bubbles, thought bubbles, voice-over)
  • objects and symbols
  • color
  • language, since cartoons and comics are multimodal texts
56
Q

how are ideas communicated in images and magazine covers

A

ideas are communicated through signifiers, the message they send are what is signified

57
Q

what can image be?

A
  1. a symbol ⇒ it stands for smth abstract
  2. an icon ⇒ it resembles the thing it stands for
  3. a logo ⇒ resembles an organisation
58
Q

composition

A

the author’s arrangement of objects in relation to each other, the use of colour and contrast, the amount of negative space, the use of light and depth

59
Q

visual narrative

A

an image tells a story
when there is a relationship between the signifier and signified

60
Q

anchoring

A

the process of making an image meaningful by adding words and vice versa

61
Q

key features of a magazine cover

A
  • title (font, placement)
  • ears and teasers
  • headlines, captions
  • photograph
  • symbols
  • lighting, color
62
Q

camera angle in photographs

A

looking up at the subject ⇒ the subject is stronger
looking down at the subject ⇒ the subject is weaker

63
Q

body language in photographs

A
  • smiles and teeth ⇒ friendliness
  • gaze
  • position of hands
  • skin (skin means exposure ⇒ showing more skin may be interpreted as vulnerability, sexual ability or athletic ability)
  • torso
64
Q

gaze in photographs

A

looking away from the camera ⇒ subject appears aloof, distant, unapproachable
looking to the camera ⇒ subject appears engaged with the reader

65
Q

position of hands in photos

A

crossed arms ⇒ subject appears strong
fidgeting ⇒ weakness

66
Q

torso in photographs

A

subject is leaning forward ⇒ subject appears eager to engage with readers or listeners
subject is leaning backward ⇒ subject seems disengaged with readers

english a (4 decks)

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