TEXT MEMORIZATION

Question 1

The study of a language is in its ___ a series of __ of
___,’ wrote ___ in 1921. ‘Whether we are concerned with __ words, with ___, with ___ or with the ___ of grammar, the fact remains that ___ memorizing is the __ of all progress.’ It stands to ___, then, that a method that ___ memorization has a lot going for it

Answer 1

1. essence
2. acts
3. memorizing
4. Harold Palmer
5. isolated
6. word-groups
7. phenomena
8. successful
9. basis
10. reason
11. foregrounds

Question 2

____ – also known as ___ and ___ – is
___ in a number of ___ traditions. Combined with __, it is – or has been – __ practice in __ schools in many parts of the world. Knowing a ___ by heart is believed to be a ___ for ___ and ___ it. Once the text has been ___ in this way, it is available for __ and ___ and,especially in the days __ print, for further ___.

Answer 2

1. Memorization
2. rote learning
3. learning by heart
4. institutionalized
5. educational
6. recitation
7. standard
8. religious
9. sacred text
10. pre-requisite
11. understanding
12. interpreting
13. internalized
14. study
15. commentary
16. before
17. dissemination

Question 3

The tradition has ___ ___ education in many cultures. __ heritage educational systems, for example, are __ (____) equated with a culture of ___ and ___. The ___ system in ____ is ___ cited as an __ example of this heritage, with ___ cramming for ___ exams from an __ age. The sight of students ___ long lists of English __ on their way to and from school is a __ one.

Answer 3

1. permeated
2. secular
3. Confucian
4. often
5. perhaps undeservedly
6. imitation
7. rote learning
8. education
9. South Korea
10. frequently
11. extreme
12. children
13. high-stakes
14. early
15. memorizing
16. words
17. common

Question 4

Memorization is ___ to ___, of course. Until relatively recently, it
was ____ in education systems in the __, either __ (e.g.
through ___ and ___) or ___ (as a consequence of the __ system). Only a few years ago, the then Minister of Education in the __ was reported as saying, ‘memorisation is a ____ of ___’. In this fashion, the case for rote-learning – as ___ to other, ___ forms of learning – is regularly ___, and continues to __ opinion: it clearly has a ___ ideological basis.

Answer 4

1. not confined
2. Asia
3. well-established
4. West
5. directly
6. choral chanting
7. drilling
8. indirectly
9. exam
10. UK
11. necessary precondition
12. understanding
13. opposed
14. more experiential
15. championed
16. divide
17. strongly

Question 5

In English language __ , support for ___ as a __ – if not a ___ in its own right – has __. It is now ___ associated with the ____ (which at one time was called the ___, standing for ___ and ___, see chapter 6). ___ drilling is the technique by means of which ___ were supposedly ___ in ___ as __. ___ which ___ these sentence patterns were learned by __. When the __ learning theory ___ audiolingualism was ___, memorization ___ of favour too. ‘_____’ is what its detractors called it.

Answer 5

1. teaching
2. memorization
3. technique
4. method
5. fluctuated
6. most often
7. Audiolingual Method
8. Min-mem Method
9. mimicry
10. memorization
11. repetitive
12. sentence patterns
13. entrenched
14. memory
15. habits
16. Dialogues
17. embedded
18. heart
19. behaviorist
20. underpinning
21. discredited
22. fell out
23. Mindless parroting

Question 6

Much earlier, memorisation of ___ and ___ texts was a ___ of a number of __ century approaches. ____ (see chapter 26 Prendergast’s ‘Mastery System’) developed an ___ version of ____ which involved translating __ sentences with a view to __ them, ___ them, and ___ their grammatical ___. He maintained that ‘the power of ___ other tongues ___ is attained principally by __ of the __, not by ___’ (1864).

Answer 6

1. sentences
2. whole
3. feature
4. 19th
5. Thomas Prendergast
6. original
7. Grammar-Translation
8. grammatically complex
9. memorizing
10. manipulating
11. internalizing
12. elements
13. speaking
14. idiomatically
15. effort
16. memory
17. logical reasonings

Question 7

Earlier still, ____ (1770–1840) had made his learners
memorize ___ novels (see chapter 8 Explication de Texte) which
would then become a linguistic ___ into which they could __ and
___ – in much the __ way as we might now search an ___. As Howatt and Smith (2000) observe, ‘the texts themselves are ___: they are not like __ to be repeated ___ but are important for what they can yield if they are taken to __ and used in ___ circumstances’.

Answer 7

1. Jean Joseph Jacotot
2. complete
3. resource
4. search
5. retrieve
6. same
7. online corpus
8. largely irrelevant
9. prayers
10. verbatim
11. pieces
12. appropriate

Question 8

The idea of using ___ texts as a ___ persists to this day in,
among other places, __. As in the memorizing of ___, it is felt
that only when a text has been ___ in this way is it ___ as an object for __ and a tool for ___.

Answer 8

1. memorized
2. resource
3. China
4. sacred texts
5. appropriated
6. optimally
7. study
8. learning

Question 9

In a study of __ exceptional learners of English in ___ (Ding 2007), all
__ to the ___ of ____. The way that this was implemented in __ class involved the following stages:

1. having worked on a __ text in their __ in class, students
   then __ to a recording of it;
2. they attempt to ___ the __ text, ___ included,
   sometimes ___ to the text up to __ times;
3. they continue to __ at home, and, in ___ lessons, are
   ___ tested on their ability to __ the text;
4. they are set __ tests involving recall of __ and __
   patterns based on the ___ texts;
5. __ the students will have memorized all the texts in the
   coursebook.

According to Ding, at ___ levels, learners would commit to __ the entire __ of __ films, imitating the __ and __ of each speaker.

Answer 9

1. three
2. China
3. attested
4. usefulness
5. text memorization
6. one
7. written
8. coursebook
9. listen
10. imitate
11. spoken
12. intonation
13. listening
14. 50
15. practice
16. subsequent
17. individually
18. recall
19. regular
20. phrases
    21, sentences
21. memorized
22. eventually
23. more advanced
24. memory
25. screenplays
26. feature
27. accent
28. prosody

Question 10

All __ students in the ___ study attribute their __ in national English-___ competitions to the practice of text ___ during their ___ years. They claim that it has given them a ‘__’ for the language. More specifically, they seem to have each ___ an enormous ‘___’ of English from which they can __. As one of them reported, ‘through __ those lessons, he gained __ of many ___, ___, ___ and other language ___’ (Ding 2007).

Answer 10

1. three
2. aforementioned
3. success
   4, speaking
4. memorization
5. middle school
6. feel
7. imported
8. database
9. draw
10. reciting
11. mastery
12. collocations
13. phrases
14. sentence patterns
15. points

Question 11

On the other hand, in another study of ___ learners (Gan et al. 2004), in which the learning ___ of ___and ___ learners were ___, the researchers found that ___ on ___ alone was __. While the ___ students relied on memorizing ___, ___ students reinforced the learning of words by ___ and attempting to put the ___ to use. Also, the successful learners set learning __ and ___ ways of achieving these, whereas the unsuccessful ones did not. While this study focused on the memorization of ___ rather than of __, it does suggest that ___ rote-learning with ___ attempts to ___ and __ the memorized material is __.

Answer 11

1. Chinese
2. strategies
3. successful
4. unsuccessful
5. compared
6. reliance
7. rote-learning
8. insufficient
9. unsuccessful
10. word lists
11. successful
12. regular reading
13. memorized words
14. goals
15. identified
16. word lists
17. whole texts
18. supplementing
19. deliberate
20. retrieve
21. use
22. crucial

Question 12

It’s ___ that learners in ___ where the tradition ___ already
exist will take __ to the suggestion that they should embark on text ___ on a __ as demanding as practised in ___. Even in China, there is some __ to the idea, and __ of the learners in the Ding study admitted to ___ it at first. Nevertheless, many learners in a __ range of __ pick up the words of English language __, or the language ___ in ____, or ___ from TV shows, whether ___ or not. Often, these memorized __ will emerge ___, but ___ and __. Handled ___, the memorization of __ texts, including __, may
offer a ___ into the language, and provide the ‘__’ that other, ___ approaches, do not.

Answer 12

1. unlikely
2. cultures
3. does not
4. kindly
5. memorization
6. scale
7. China
8. resistance
9. one
10. disliking
11. wide
12. contexts
13. songs
14. uttered
15. video games
16. catchphrases
17. intentionally
18. segments
19. unexpectedly
20. appropriately
21. accurately
22. more systematically
23. short
24. dialogues
25. foothold
26. feel
27. more grammar-focused

Question 12

It’s ___ that learners in ___ where the tradition ___ already
exist will take __ to the suggestion that they should embark on text ___ on a __ as demanding as practised in ___. Even in China, there is some __ to the idea, and __ of the learners in the Ding study admitted to ___ it at first. Nevertheless, many learners in a __ range of __ pick up the words of English language __, or the language ___ in ____, or ___ from TV shows, whether ___ or not. Often, these memorized __ will emerge ___, but ___ and __. Handled ___, the memorization of __ texts, including __, may
offer a ___ into the language, and provide the ‘__’ that other, ___ approaches, do not.

Answer 12

1. unlikely
2. cultures
3. does not
4. kindly
5. memorization
6. scale
7. China
8. resistance
9. one
10. disliking
11. wide
12. contexts
13. songs
14. uttered
15. video games
16. catchphrases
17. intentionally
18. segments
19. unexpectedly
20. appropriately
21. accurately
22. more systematically
23. short
24. dialogues
25. foothold
26. feel
27. more grammar-focused