Tests/outcomes/screening

Question 1

What is the PAR-Q

Answer 1

Screening tool completed by persons who plan to undergo a fitness assessment or to become “much more physically active”

(+) response requires physician clearance

Question 2

What is the PARmed-X

Answer 2

Screening tools used by physicians to assist assist them in addressing medical concerns regarding physical activity participation that were identified by PAR-Q

Question 3

AGREE instrument

Answer 3

Commonly used tool for assessing clinical practice guidelines and other health management guidelines.

Question 4

The best study design for investigating treatment outcomes

Answer 4

RCT

Question 5

The best study design for a research question about “ diagnosis”

Answer 5

Prospective cohort study

Summarized with 2x2 table

Question 6

Verification bias

Answer 6

(Work up bias)

When not all subjects are assessed by use of the reference standard i the same way.

Question 7

Incorporation bias

Answer 7

When the reference standard includes the diagnostic test being studied

Question 8

Spectrum (selection) bias

Answer 8

When study subjects are not representative of population on whom the test is typically applied in practice

Question 9

Sensitivity

Answer 9

True positive rate

Those with the condition WITH a positive test

Question 10

Specificity

Answer 10

True negative

Those without the condition with a Negative test

Question 11

Positive predictive value

Answer 11

Proportion of subjects either a positive test who actually have the condition

Question 12

Negative predictive value

Answer 12

Proportion of subjects with a negative test result who do not have the condition

Question 13

SnNout

Answer 13

Is sensitivity is high, a negative result is useful for ruling out the condition

Question 14

SpPin

Answer 14

Of specificity of high, a positive result is useful for ruling IN the condition

Question 15

Positive Likelihood ratio (LR)

Answer 15

Sensitivity/ (1- specificity)

Question 16

Negative likelihood ratio

Answer 16

(1-sensitivity)/ specificity

Question 17

LR of 1

Answer 17

Test does nothing to change the odds favoring the condition

Question 18

LR greater than 1

Answer 18

Increases the odds of the condition

We want a high positive LR

Question 19

LR less than 1

Answer 19

Diminishes the odds of the condition

We want a low negative LR

Question 20

Kappa statistic

Answer 20

Reliability coefficient typically used in studies of agreement between examiners for categorical data

Question 21

Normal anorectal physiology: with manometry testing

Resting Pressure
Squeeze pressure

Answer 21

Resting: 30-40 mmHG
Squeeze: 150% of rest

Question 22

Anal manometry

Answer 22

3 balloon test measuring pressures in EAS, IAS, and reveal sensitivity

Question 23

Anal manometry normative values

Kilo pascal

Answer 23

Rest men: 5-11
Rest women: 4-10

Squeeze men: 10-37
Squeeze women: 7-24

Question 24

Balloon expulsion test

Answer 24

50mL balloon

Should be expelled easily

Tests for obstruction or non relaxing puborectalis

Question 25

Defecography

Answer 25

Video/X-ray through toilet Anorectal angle measured radiopaque stool with barium

Question 26

Colonic transit time

Answer 26

Radiopaque markers swallowed X-rays taken each day 80% of markers should be passed in 5 days