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Urinalysis CCMLS > testing > Flashcards

testing Flashcards

1
Q

urinometer

A

tests SG
add 0.001 for every 3 degress above calibrated temp
subtract 0.001 for every 3 degrees below calibrated temp
subtract 0.003 for each g. of protein
subtract 0.004 for each g. of glucose

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2
Q

refractometer

A

measures SG; refractive index
calibrated with distilled water 1.000
read line while pointed at light

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3
Q

isosthenuria

A

same SG 1.010 as plasma filtrate

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4
Q

hyposthenuria

A

SG <1.010

due to increased hydration, diabetes insipidus

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5
Q

hypersthenuria

A

SG >1.010

dehydration, diabetes mellitus, IVP dye

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6
Q

pH normal values

A

4.5-8.0 (see closer to 6-7)

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7
Q

pH indicates

A

acidosis/ alkalosis

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8
Q

pH test

A

double indicator: methyl red and bromothymol blue

measures amount of H+

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9
Q

pH test interference

A

increased bacterial growth increases pH

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10
Q

protein normal values

A

negative/trace

trace do SSA

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11
Q

protein test type

A

protein error of indicators
pH @3
albumin accepts H+ === color change
yellow===green===blue (albumin)

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12
Q

protein test interference

A

false +; detergents, increased pigmented urine

false -: microalbuminuria

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13
Q

clinical significance of protein

A

nephropathy, injury, toxic agents

prerenal, postrenal, renal, and tubular disorders

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14
Q

protein changes on standing

A

decrease as break down

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15
Q

SSA

A

cold ppt. test

reacts w/ all forms of protein

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16
Q

glucose normal values

A

0

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17
Q

glucose test

A

glucose oxidase double sequential enzyme reaction

measures glucose

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18
Q

clinical significance of glucose testing

A

diabetes, inborn error of metabolism, hyperglycemia, glycosuria,

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19
Q

glucose test interference

A

false +: oxidizing agents (peroxide), detergents

false - : vit C, high ketones, high SG, low temp

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20
Q

clinitest

A 
reacts with all reducing sugars
relux for glucose + patients under 2 years old- galactose GALT
copper reduction test (exothermic) 
watch for pass through
(-) blue/green==yellow==orange/red (+)
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21
Q

glucose critical levels

A

3+ & 4+ call the floor

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22
Q

KETONE NORMAL

A

0

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23
Q

sodium nitroprusside test

A

measures acetoacetic acid in alkaline medium (purple color)

measures ketones

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24
Q

acetest tablets

A

measure ketones

sodium nitroprusside with lactose give a better color

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25
Q

clinical significance of ketones

A

diabetic acidosis, malabsorption, alcoholism, inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, starvation

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26
Q

renal threshold of glucose

A

160-180 mg/dL

27
Q

renal threshold of glucose

A

160-180 mg/dL

28
Q

ketone test interference

A

false +: increased pigmented urine, levodopa, meds with sulph grps., phthalein dyes
false - : improper preservation

29
Q

glucose changes on standing

A

decrease as bacteria proliferate and use glucose

30
Q

critical values ketones

A

4+ call the floor

31
Q

ketone changes on standing

A

decrease

32
Q

blood test normal

A

negative/ trace

33
Q

blood test

A

pseudoperoxidase of Hgb to catalyse reaction btwn heme and chromogen (blue/green color)

34
Q

clinical significance of blood test

A

hematuria, myoglobinuria, hemoglobinuria

35
Q

interference with blood test

A

false +: oxidizing reagents, bacterial peroxidases, menstral contamination, myoglobin
false - : high SG, crenated cells, formalin, high nitrite, high vit. c

36
Q

myoglobin precipitation test

A

ammonium sulfate ppt. hemoglobin and myoglobin stays in supernatant which will be a red color

37
Q

changes on standing with blood

A

rbc lyse, increase/decrease depending on time

38
Q

biliruibin normal levels

A

negative

39
Q

bilirubin test

A

diazo reaction: bilirubin + 2,4 dichloroaniline diazonium salt produces azo dye
tan==pink==violet

40
Q

bilirubin test clinical significance

A

hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver disorders, billary obstruction

41
Q

bilirubin reflux test

A

ictotest: SSA, p-nitrobenzene diazonium p toulenesulfate
bilirubin stays on surface of the mat
blue==purple (+)

42
Q

bilirubin test interference

A

false+: increased pigmented urine, indican

false - : exposure to light, vit c, increased nitrite

43
Q

bilirubin change on standing

A

decrease

44
Q

urobilinogen test normal

A

negative 0.1-0.2 mg/dL

45
Q

urobilinogen test

A

multistix: Ehrlich rxn (urobilinogen reacts with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde)
light pink==dark pink (+)
chemstrip: diazo reaction (urobilinogen reacts with 4 methyloxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate) *more specific
white==pink

46
Q

urobilinogen test clinical significance

A

liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, carcinoma, hemolytic disorders

47
Q

urobilinogen test interference

A

false +: porphobilinogen, indican, increased pigmented urine

false - : old specimen, formalin, increased nitrite

48
Q

urobilinogen change on standing

A

decrease

49
Q

watson swartz test

A

differences btwn urobilinogen, porphobilinogen, and Ehrlich compounds
URO will extract into chloroform/butanol
PORPHO will not extract and stay in urine
Ehrlich will extract into butanol but not chloroform
tube 1: urine, chlorine, sodium acetate
tube 2: urine, butanol, sodium acetate
if both tubes are red all the way through- chloroform tube take top layer and do additional chloroform extraction to test for excess URO

50
Q

nitrate test normal

A

negative

51
Q

nitrate test

A

greiss reaction: nitrite reacts w/ aromatic amine to prod. diazonium compound which reacts with tetrahydrobenzoquinolin
pink colored azo dye
nothing===pink

52
Q

clinical significance of nitrite test

A

UTI, pyelonephritis, AB therapy monitoring, screening urine for culture

53
Q

nitrite test interference

A

false +: increased pigmented urine, improper preservation of sample
false - : non reductase bacteria, lack or urinary nitrate, not enough time for bacteria to reduce, increased vit, c, increased SG
antibiotics

54
Q

nitrite change on standing

A

increased

55
Q

leukocyte esterase test normal levels

A

negative/ trace

56
Q

LE test

A

LE catalyzes hydrolysis of acid ester on pad.
Aromatic compound + acid= aromatic + diazonium salt = purple azo dye
nothing==purple
longest test at 2 mins.

57
Q

LE test clinical significance

A

UTI, inflammation

58
Q

LE test interference

A

false +: oxidizing substances, increased pigmented urine, formalin
false - : increased protein, increased glucose, vit c,

59
Q

LE changes on standing

A

no change; long term decrease

60
Q

Specific gravity test normal levels

A

1.015-1.025

61
Q

SG test

A

pKa change of polyelectrolyte which ionizes releasing H+ in proportion to # of ions in solution
blue==green==yellow
multistix: maleic anhydride
chemstrip; tetraacetic acid

62
Q

SG test clinical significance

A

monitor hydration, loss of renal tubular concentration ability, diabetes insipidous

63
Q

SG test interference

A

false +: increased protein

false - : highly alkaline urine

64
Q

SG changes on standing

A

no significant change

Urinalysis CCMLS (5 decks)

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