Testicular Tumors Flashcards
Where do testiculatr tumors arise from and how do they present? How are they treated?
Arise from germ cells or sex cord stroma. Present as a firm, painless testicular mass that cannot be transilluminated. Removed via radical orchiectomy. Most are malignant.
What is the most common type of testicular tumor? When does it usually occur? What are some risk factors?
Germ cell tumors. Between 15 - 40 years of age. Risk factors include cryptorchidism and Klinfelter syndrome.
Which germ cell tumors are highly responsive to radiotherapy and metastasize late?
Seminomas (55% of cases)
Which germ cell tumors show variable response to treatment and metastasize early?
Nonseminomas (45% of cases)
What is the most common testicular tumor? What kind of mass does it form? Does it hemorrhage? Is it necrotic? What might the tumor release? How is the prognosis?
Seminoma which is a malignant tumor composed of large cells with clear cytoplasm central nuclei. Forma a homogenous mass with no hemorrhage or necrosis. May produce b hCG. Good prognosis reponds to radiotherapy.
What is embryonal carcinoma? What structure does it form? Does it hemorrhage? Is it necrotic? What might the tumor release? How does it spread? How is the prognosis?
Malignant tumor comprised of immature, primitive cells that may produce glands, forms a hemorrhagic mass with necrosis.
What is embryonal carcinoma? What structure does it form? Does it hemorrhage? Is it necrotic? What might the tumor release? How does it spread? How is the prognosis?
Malignant tumor comprised of immature, primitive cells that may produce glands, forms a hemorrhagic mass with necrosis. Aggressive with early hematogenous spread. Chemotherapy may result in differentiation into another type of germ cell tumor. Increased AFP or B-hCG may be present.
What is the most common testicular tumor in children? What is seen on histology? What marker is elevated?
Yolk sac tumor which is a malignant tumor that resembles yolk sac elements. Schiller-Duval bodies (glomerulus-like structures) are seen on histology. AFP.
How does choriocarcinoma spread? What marker is elevated? What can this lead to and how?
Spreads early via blood. B-hCG. May lead to hyperthyroidism or gynecomastia (alpha-subunit of hCG is similar to that of FSH, LH and TSH).
What is a teratoma? What is it composed of? Which sex is it malignant in? What markers are elevated?
Tumor composed of mature fetal tissue derived from 2 or 3 embryonic layers. Malignant in males. AFP or B-hCG may be increased.
What does a Leydig cell tumor cause? What is seen on histology? What is a sertoli cell tumor comprised of? How does it present clinically?
Produces androgen and causes precocious puberty in children or gynecomastia in adults. Characteristic Reineke crystals may be seen on histology. Sertoli cell tumor is comrised of tubules and is usually clincally silent.
What is the most common cause of testicular mass in males older than 60 years? Is it unilateral? Which type?
Lymphoma, often bilateal, usually of diffuse large B-cell type.
