Testicular Cancer Flashcards
How common are testicular tumours.
The most common malignancy in men aged 15-44.
At what age can men develop testicular cancer.
15-44.
What percentage of testicular cancers occur in undescended testicles.
10%
In what percentage of testicular cancers is a contralateral tumour found.
5%
What are the types of testicular tumours. (4)
Seminoma.
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (teratoma).
Mixed germ cell tumour.
Lymphoma.
At what age do seminomas occur.
30-65 years.
What percentage of testicular tumours are seminomas.
55%
What percentage of testicular tumours are non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (teratomas).
33%
At what age do non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (teratomas) tend to occur.
20-30years.
What percentage of testicular tumours are mixed germ cell tumours.
12%
What are the risk factors for developing testicular cancer. (3)
Infertility.
Infant hernias.
Undescended testis.
What is a stage 1 testicular tumour.
No evidence of metastasis.
What is a stage 2 testicular tumour.
Infradiaphragmatic node involvement (spread via the para-aortic nodes not the inguinal nodes).
What is a stage 3 testicular tumour.
Supradiaphragmatic node involvement.
What is a stage 4 testicular tumour.
Lung involvement (haematogenous).
What are the clinical signs of testicular cancer.
Typically a painless testicular lump (usually found after trauma or infection).
There may be haemospermia.
Secondary hydrocele.
Pain.
Dyspnoea (if there are lung metastases).
Abdominal mass (enlarged nodes).
Effects of the hormones secreted by the tumour.
What percentage of seminomas present with signs of metastasis.
25%
What percentage of NSGCTs present with signs of metastasis.
50%
What is the prevalence of testicular tumours.
5/100,000
What two hormones do testicular tumours tend to secrete.
Beta-hCG.
AFP
What is the least common type of testicular tumours.
Leydig cell tumours.
Where do seminomas arise from.
Seminiferous tubules.
How aggressive is a seminoma. (2)
Not very aggressive, it represents a fairly low grade malignancy, HOWEVER metastases occurs via lymphatic spread and tends to involve the lungs.
Where do teratomas (NSGCTs) arise from.
Primitive germinal cells.
How do leydig tumours present.
Gynacomastia.
Why do leydig tumours present with gynacomastia.
They secrete oestrogen.
What is the histology of leydig tumours. (2)
They tend to be small and benign.
When do teratomas tend to occur.
At a young age.
How are teratomas classified.
According to the degree of differentiation.
What type of teratoma presents the best prognosis.
A well differentiated teratoma is not very aggressive.
What is the first investigation when presented with a testicular lump.
Ultrasound.
