Bladder Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the incidence of bladder cancer in the UK.

A

1:6,000 new cases in the UK per annum.

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2
Q

What is the ratio of bladder cancer cases of men:women.

A

5:2

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3
Q

What are some risk factors for developing bladder cancer. (5)

A
Smoking. 
Exposure to aromatic amines.
Chronic cystitis. 
Schistosomiasis (increased risk of SCC). 
Pelvic irradiation.
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4
Q

What are the industries that use aromatic amines. (5)

A
Clothing dyes. 
Rubber industry. 
Printing. 
Petrochemical smelting. 
Aluminium smelting.
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5
Q

What is the mean age of diagnosis of bladder cancer.

A

65

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6
Q

What is the latency period after exposure to aromatic amines in developing bladder cancer.

A

It can be up to 20 years.

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7
Q

What is the most common form of bladder cancer.

A

90% are transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).

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8
Q

What is the aetiology of patients presenting with bladder cancer. (2)

A

80% present with superficial disease.

20% present with invasive disease.

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9
Q

What form of cancer are a small minority of bladder cancer.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma.

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. (3)

A

Schistosomiasis.
Chronic infection.
Long term catheterisation.

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11
Q

What is the most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer.

A

Painless haematuria.

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12
Q

What is macroscopic haematuria associated with.

A

TCC in 25% of cases.

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13
Q

What is microscopic haematuria associated with.

A

TCC in 5% of cases.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of bladder cancer. (4)

A

Haematuria.
Reccurent UTIs.
Increased frequency.
Increased urgency.

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15
Q

What percentage of bladder cancers are confined to the bladder mucosa.

A

80%

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16
Q

What percentage of bladder cancers penetrate the muscle.

A

20%

17
Q

What is the route of spread for bladder tumours. (5)

A

Local to pelvic structures.
Pelvic structures to lymphatics.
Lymphatics to iliac and para aortic nodes.
Iliac and para aortic nodes to haematogenous.
Haematogenous to liver and lungs.