Teste 2 Aulas 1 e 2

Question 1

What are the two main types of plankton?

Answer 1

Phytoplankton (primary producers) and Zooplankton (secondary producers)

Phytoplankton includes diatoms and picoplankton, while zooplankton includes various organisms that feed on phytoplankton.

Question 2

Define holoplankton.

Answer 2

Organisms that are planktic for their entire life cycle

Holoplankton cannot swim against currents.

Question 3

Define meroplankton.

Answer 3

Plankton that live in the water column only during a specific life stage

Examples include larval stages of crustaceans.

Question 4

What is neuston?

Answer 4

Organisms that live at the surface of a body of water

Also known as pleuston.

Question 5

What are the impacts of climate change on plankton communities?

Answer 5

Changes in distribution, phenology, and abundance, primarily due to increased temperatures

These changes can disrupt food webs and biogeochemical cycles.

Question 6

What causes mismatch phenomena in plankton?

Answer 6

Fast poleward shifts of zooplankton and smaller size phytoplankton

This results in unpredictability in predator-prey interactions.

Question 7

What are the consequences of plankton ecosystem restructuring?

Answer 7

Likely consequences for grazing pressures on phytoplankton and biogeochemical cycling

This may affect higher trophic levels and biodiversity.

Question 8

What is the temperature-size rule?

Answer 8

Ectothermic organisms attain smaller body sizes when developing at higher temperatures

This has significant implications for global fisheries.

Question 9

True or False: Ectothermic organisms can regulate their body temperature internally.

Answer 9

False

Ectothermic organisms regulate their temperature based on the external environment.

Question 10

What is the difference between acclimation and acclimatization?

Answer 10

Acclimation is a response to a specific stressor; acclimatization is a coordinated response to multiple stressors

Both processes involve physiological adjustments to environmental factors.

Question 11

How does climate change affect marine vertebrates?

Answer 11

Causes latitude shifting and geographic redistribution

This results in species appearing in different locations and affects predator-prey dynamics.

Question 12

What challenges do fish larvae face compared to adult fish?

Answer 12

Fish larvae are more affected by environmental changes, posing recruitment challenges

This includes the transition from larval to adult stages.

Question 13

What are stenothermic and eurythermic organisms?

Answer 13

Stenothermic organisms tolerate a narrow temperature range; eurythermic organisms tolerate a wider temperature range

Ectothermic species are typically more vulnerable to temperature changes.

Question 14

What is the impact of ocean acidification on fish?

Answer 14

Affects sensory perception, hunting ability, and predator evasion

Acidification alters sensory cues, impacting survival and communication.

Question 15

What are the implications of polygamy in migratory birds due to climate change?

Answer 15

Increased probability of switching mates in stressful environments

This strategy enhances offspring survival.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: The phenomenon where ectothermic fish develop smaller body sizes at higher temperatures is known as the _______.

Answer 16

temperature-size rule

Question 17

What does the AMOC Scientist Letter address?

Answer 17

Currents and energy redistribution on the planet

Focuses on critical issues particularly in Nordic countries.

Question 18

What are the four levels of climate change effects on fishes and fisheries?

Answer 18

Physiological, behavioral, population-level, and ecosystem-level changes

These changes impact productivity and food web interactions.

Question 19

Main affects on vertebrates

Answer 19

Migration and distribution (poles, match/mismatch)

Behaviour change (homing changes,