perguntas teste BEAGMM Flashcards
How do the Earth’s movement and radiation gradients contribute to the creation of atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems?
⦁ Mov + radiation = temperature gradients in atmosphere = high and low pressure areas = winds = surface currents = convection cycles of the water = distribution of heat in the ocean.
⦁ Mov + radiaton = create climate characteristics (poles cold and equator hot)= changes in water salinity and temperature = changes in densities = conveyor belt (started with the sinking waters from antartica – agua de fundo do Atlantico)
—— things I missed:
⦁ Link the specific winds to ocean currents: For example, discuss how trade winds push water across the ocean, creating major current systems like the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic.
⦁ Explain the feedback loop: Show how winds not only affect surface currents but also reinforce atmospheric patterns.
⦁ Mention climate effects: Conclude by showing how these circulatory systems regulate global climate, explaining phenomena like the North Atlantic Drift, which keeps Northern Europe warmer than other regions at similar latitudes.
Discuss the role of ocean currents in regulating global climate, particularly focusing on the North Atlantic Gyre and its impact on Europe
Disperse heat defining our climate system
. Allow for the poles and equator to be less extreme contributing for clamer climate
. Move nutrinets and gases between locations
. Surface currents help creat convection currents allowing for cold water to go down and hot water to come up
. North atlantic gyre (NAG) brings hot water to north of europe and mixed
. NAG is made up from the golf current - warm water that travels acorss the saragssum sea to the north of europe
—– things I forgot to mention
The oceans also contribute to atmospheric gradients
Explain how thermohaline circulation contributes to the global climate system and evaluate the potential consequences of its disruption
- thremohaline circulation is the conveyor belt ciruclation
- this circulation takes 1 thousand years to complete a cycle a connects all oceans
- starts with água de fundo do atlantico in the arctic where the cold and saltier water (denser) sinks and flows in the depths of the Atlantic to the south of africa
- this circulation creates areas of upwelling (nutrient rich waters = more productivity); renovates waters across all oceans, distributes heat and creates temperature gradients in the atmosphere when there is upwelling
- if the ice cap in the north pole melted, this circulation would cease = no heat distribution, no upwelling, disruption in atmopsheric high and low pressure systems, less productivity in upwelling areas, disequilibrium
—–things I forgot to mention
-distinguish thermohaline circulation from wind-driven upwelling when discussing the causes of upwelling.
The impact of ice cap melting is critical—focus on how freshwater input affects salinity and potentially halts the circulation.
Analyze the impact of atmospheric pressure systems on weather patterns, with a focus on the role of high and low-pressure areas in the context of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).
- high and low pressure areas (HLPA) are formed due to earths movement and sun heat that creates temperature gradients in atmosphere
- these HLPA create winds that move surface ocean waters and form currents
- the high pressures is when cold air sinks, and heats up, brings clear skies, while low pressure is the opposite and brings storms and clouds
- the NAO is a sytem os high pressure in the azores and low in iceland.
- the nao is positive when both pressures are strong, bringing humid climate to north of europe and dry climate to south of europe
——things I forgot to mention
The NAO’s phases also influence ocean currents, with stronger westerlies intensifying currents like the Gulf Stream.
How does the integration of SDG 13 and SDG 14 address both climate action and ocean sustainability, and what challenges arise in balancing these goals?
SDG 14- protect marine life
13- climate action
these are the main goal of the creation of these sustainable dev goals is to create awareness to the problem and increase efforts to better them. within each sdg there are subgoals that make it easier to create real action
In what ways does the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development aim to transform global ocean governance, and what are the key challenges in achieving this transformation?
The decade aims to promote marine science, data collection and creation of knowledge. It also has the goal to share the studies with the public and stake holders, to help in the decision making.
the decade wants to create a transparent (by sharing the scientific knoledge),
clean (reduce pollutants)
—-!!
healthy and resilient (promote ability of oceans to revert to its natural state by + protection)
predictable (aim for an ocean that is stable and we can predict and study)
safe (protect from human impacts - pollution, runoff, bioinvasions; + also safe for human populations)
sustainably harvested an productive (allow renewal of generations and create sustainable fisheries)
How does the UN Decade of Ocean Science aim to reshape global ocean governance through the integration of scientific knowledge and societal needs?
with the ocean in the center of this decade it will:
- promote more awareness for the problems the ocean is facing (warming, higher ph, deox, mhw, pollution, bioinvasions, iuu fisheries, …) and increase efforts focused in the ocean
- achieve the decade goals: generate knowledge and sharing it with stakeholders for better policies.
- achieve the societal outcomes that are necessary for a thriving ocean: clean, safe, transparent, sustainably harvested, healthy +resilient, …)
—- missed:
predictable!!
what are the main symptoms of a declining ocean
- low ph
- deoxygenation
- warming and mhw
- pollution
- invasive species
- illegal, unreported, unregulated fishing
-habitat destruction - multiple stressors
What factors contribute to the occurrence of marine heatwaves, and how do global climate patterns (like ENSO, NAO) influence them?
!!!!
a mhw originates from a mix of factors:
o + sun radiation
o Less wind = less current = - upwelling = - heat distribution and possibly is more stratification (less water mixing)
o Flux between atmosphere and water
o Global factors - Enso;NAO;PDO;AM
Evaluate the strategies used to mitigate the effects of marine heatwaves, and discuss their effectiveness.
- these are just theoretical ideas
o Important for mitigation
Aerossols to minimize sun radiation
Capture atmospheric carbon
Genetic egeneering for more resistance
o Also for minimization
Marine protected areas
Transfer of sessile animals
Control of stocks being fished
Analyze the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of marine heatwaves, particularly on fisheries and marine biodiversity.
- mhw are events when the temperature rises for more than 5 days above the threshold (values above 90% of the usual sst values)
- mhw have high impacts on animals (disrupting their physiological system functioning in a molecular level, also in ecological functioning, changes timings of the interactions, alters food webs and migrations patterns for mobile speces, for sessile species it can cause acute mortalities - they mostly affect primary producers and invertebrates - the base of food webs)
- the impacts on animals not only effect them and their ecosystem but also affects us - mortalities can reduce fisheries yields, creates mismatch of fishing efforts and species abundance or appearance, the change in migrations and mismatch can also cause accidents or unexpected events - for both fisheries and the organisms)
—— things I forgot to mention:
- increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity,
-heat-sensitive species either move or die. Coral reefs
- longerm effects and unpredictability of short mhw
- possible unpredictability since unexpected mhw are already occuring
Discuss how satellite data and advanced monitoring systems help in understanding and predicting marine heatwaves.
- data from long time
- global scale
- accurate and real time data
- Analyze how ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation jointly contribute to shifts in marine ecosystems. Discuss the potential irreversible impacts on ecosystem services, focusing on species physiology, trophic interactions, and food web stability.
the three main problems in the ocean are:
- ocean acidification: the increase of the protons in the water has led to more dissolution of carbonated calcium in the oceans = less ability of the organisms to produce carbonated calcium structures,
its also increases dissolution of argonite;
this disrupts ecosystem balance due to mortality of these animals; it creates trophic cascade effects
- deoxygenation
closely related with warming.
with warm water there is less gas dissolved, there is positive feedback from runoff, warmer waters will also increase the metabolic reate = + o2 intake. = - o2, hypoxic zones are increasing lately - warming
+ space between molecules = + volume = high sea level; melting ice caps = + water in oceans = + sea level
melting of arctic = top of the beginning of the deep water circulation
warm waters also decrease water mixing due to stratification (not allowing for gas renovation)
this will affect the physiology of the organisms at a molecular level (altered structures and interactions); there is also the migrations poleward, local extinctions from sessile species, increased habitat range for some species = invasions; impacts on deepsea - very sensitive habitats to changes in temperature and need water circulation) ; animals are more sensitive to heat than to cold; there is a smaller recruitment rate; there is a mismatch of ecological relations between animals
-high magnesium calcium also affected by high ph
- Highlight that some organisms thrive in hypoxic conditions, such as parasites and pathogens + microbial growth, which can alter community composition. Mention dinoflagellates producing toxins in low oxygen .
- Ecosystem engineer species: Mention the loss of key species like corals, which can result in the collapse of entire ecosystems. Their disappearance affects ecosystem services and biodiversity .
-Combined effect of the three things~
- PHENOLOGICAL SHIFTS - changes in timnigs
In the context of ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation, how do these stressors synergistically impact marine ecosystems, particularly in terms of food webs, species composition, and ecosystem services?-
warming:
- changes molecules = affects physiology
- sp are + sensitive to heat
- loss o o2 and less mixing
- mismatch of species = disrupt food chain
- migrations
- favors pathogens, invasive species and formation of blooms (toxic)
- acute local species loss
- disruption of climate regulation and current circulation (ex: no arctic = no conveyor belt)
- less fishing yield due to lower recruitment and population resilience
acidification:
- species dependent on calcium carbonate, aragonite and carbon rich calcium will die due to + dissolution
- disturbs base of food chain (affects more invertebrates and primary producers - emiliania huxley)
- loss of ecosystems ex: corals
deoxygenation
-worsened by warming (no mixing and less gas dissolved) and runoff
- oxygen min zones are increasing
- low o2= + metabolism and respiration = + feedback loop
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What are the long-term consequences of ocean acidification and deoxygenation on the structural integrity of marine ecosystems, particularly in relation to calcium carbonate structures (e.g., coral reefs) and oxygen-dependent species?
local death /extinction
food web disturbances
small body sizes of predators
….
niche changes
