Test3 Flashcards
Drug research was done by individual physicians and was little more than luck and practice prior to the ___ century.
Twentieth
1901 - 2000
At the end of the _____ century, Paul Ehrlich created a new way of looking at larger scale pharmaceutical research.
19th (nineteenth)
1801 - 1900
In 1530 the term for ____ was first applied by physician-poet Girolamo Fracastoro.
syphilis
The causative organism of syphilis, _____ ____, was first identified in the early 20th century.
Treponema pallidum
a spirochete: a flexible spirally twisted bacterium
The first effective treatment (a type of arsenic) for ____ was developed around 1910 by Hata in Ehrlich’s laboratory.
syphilis
Penicillin was introduced in the _____.
1940’s
1943
Syphilis is effectively and reliably cured by _____.
penicillin
Gasparo Tagliacozzi in the 16th century invented the “free flap” surgery to help patients whose noses had been deformed by _____.
syphilis
16th c. = 1501 - 1600 (approx. bc Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582)
Spirochetes are spiral-shaped bacteria and some of them cause
syphilis, yaws, and Lyme disease
Thyphus is not an actual illness, it is a group of closely related disease caused by
rickettsia bacteria
Typhus is a group of closely related disease caused by rickettsia bacteria that are transmitted to humans via
lice fleas mites or ticks (the insects are brought by other animals)
Typhus, a group of infectious disease that appear with a sudden onset of headache, chills, fever, and proceed to ___ and toxemia.
rash
toxemia: toxic substance in the blood
Typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever are part of a group of diseases caused by _____ bacteria
rickettsia
The ______ disaster occurred between 1959 and 1962 to pregnant mothers.
Thalomide
Gram ____ bacteria stain purple and have a single thick cell wall.
positive
Gram negative bacteria stain pink because they have ____ layers of a cell wall.
thin
At the end of Phase II clinical trials are subject to ___ evaluation.
FDA
Drug interactions are determined in Phase __ clinical trials.
III
Drug _____ and pharmacokinetics are integral parts of the pre-clinical development process.
metabolism
usually completed on animals or lab compounds
Healthy, rather than sick, volunteers are recruited for Phase __ clinical trials.
I
The safety profile of a drug is completed during Phase __ clinical trials.
I
Double-blind, randomized controlled trials are usually in Phase __.
II
Metabolism, toxicity, adverse reactions, how the drug affects organs and bodily processes and elimination are tested in Phase __ of clinical trials.
I
___ (Coumadine) was a rat poison before being identified as an anti-coagulant.
Warfarin
Other blood thinners include:
Heparin, Lovanox, Aspirin, Plavix
___ is a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart conditions
Digitalis
SSRIs (selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors) are a class of _______.
anti-depressants
Insulin was isolated from the secretions of the _____ cells as a treatment for diabetes.
islet
beta cells of the islets of the pancreas
Clusters of islets or _________ are hormone-producing regions of the pancreas.
Islets of Langerhans
(endocrine function)
Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: insulin
Delta cells: somatostatin
PP cells: pancreatic polypeptide
endocrine = _____-producing
hormone
exocrine cells of the pancreas produce digestive ______
enzymes
The pancreatic ____ are clusters of cells that produce digestive enzymes and secretions and make up the bulk of the pancreas.
acini
Bicarbonate is secreted from the epithelial cells lining small ______ ducts.
pancreatic
Trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats are enzymes produced by exocrine cells of the _____.
pancreas
The bulk of the pancreas is composed of _____ cells that produce enzymes to help with the digestion of food. These exocrine cells release their enzymes into a series of progressively larger tubes (called ducts) that eventually join together to form the main pancreatic duct.
“exocrine” or acini
_______ is secreted from the epithelial cells lining small pancreatic ducts.
Bicarbonate
Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete _____;
Beta cells produce _________.
glucagon, insulin
Glucagon’s role in the body is to prevent blood glucose levels dropping too low. To do this, it acts on the liver in several ways: It stimulates the conversion of stored _______ (stored in the liver) to glucose, which can be released into the bloodstream. This process is called _________.
glycogen
glycogenolysis
Insulin is a ______ hormone. This means insulin cannot enter a cell without a receptor.
peptide
A confounding variable or a ______ is something that affects both the independent (cause) variable and dependent (effect) variable.
confounder
________ means the distortion of the association between the independent and dependent variables because a third causative variable has not been accounted for.
Confounding
____ crystallography is a technique that relies on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in the range of 0.01–10 nm (though typically 0.05–0.3 nm) with matter in crystalline form so that the structures of the crystallized molecules can be determined with resolution down to their individual atoms.
X-ray
In 1945 Dorothy Hodgkin solved the structure of _____ using X-ray crystallography.
penicillin
Finding the molecular structure of penicillin was important to make derivatives of it and these derivatives were more bioavailable to destroy a wider range of _______.
bacteria
What is NMR?
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
used in MRI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmfmGhI8l9E
What is the net charge of a Hydrogen nucleus?
+1
Every chemical _____ has one or more isotopes.
element
An ____ is first identified and labeled according to the number of protons in its nucleus.
atom
______ are atoms with the same number of protons but that have a different number of neutrons.
Isotopes
The twentieth century includes the years:
1901 - 2000
The nineteenth century includes the years:
1801 - 1900
The sixteenth century includes the years:
1501 - 1600
approx. bc Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582
Blood thinners include:
Warfarin, Heparin, Lovanox, Aspirin, Plavix
Trypsin and chymotripsin digest:
proteins
Amylase digests
carbohydrates
Elements in the periodic table are classified according to the number of _____ in the nucleus: the atomic number.
protons
a process performed or taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism is called:
in vitro
T or F. Immunological assays are used to identify and quantify molecules whose levels differ in healthy and diseased individuals.
T
T or F. Molecular Biology applies key technologies such as bioinformatics, cloning, gene expression analysis and cellular high-throughput assays to discover drug targets in novel disease areas.
T
Finding preliminary data on the efficacy of the drug on certain diseases or illnesses usually requires double-blind, _____ controlled trials, comparing the effects of a placebo versus the effects of the drug.
randomized
Protein crystallography aids in drug discovery and lead optimization by providing 3-D structures of target-lead complexes at the ___ level.
atomic
T or F. Simple biochemical assays, such as radioligand binding assays or protease assays, are crucial tools for drug discovery.
T
Phase __, in which hundreds of volunteers are usually recruited, emphasizes the effectiveness of the drug.
II
