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OTA 206 > Test3 > Flashcards

Test3 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical Agent Modalities (PAMS)

A

Applying energy or material to patients to illicit a therapeutic response.
Can be used as a preparatory agent.
Must be used in conjunction with functional treatment.

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2
Q

Thermotherapy

A 
Decrease pain
Promote muscle relaxation
Increase circulation 
Increase soft tissue extensibility
Examples: Hot packs, ultrasound (deep heat) paraffin wax.
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3
Q

Cryotherapy

A

Decreases pain, inflammation, and edema and control spasticity.
Examples- Cold Packs, Ice Massage, Cold baths

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4
Q

Mechanical Agent

A

an external force is used to increase/decrease pressure around a tissue.
Examples: traction, compression, hydrotherapy, electromagnetic agents

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5
Q

Hip Joint

A

Acetabular femoral joint
The most proximal joint of the LE
Primary Functions are weight bearing and locomotion (walking)

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6
Q

Pelvic Bones

A

The ilium, ischium, and pubis are three different bones at birth. Fuse to become one bone.
Function: weight bearing, protects organs, place of attachment for legs

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7
Q

Joints of the Pelvic Girdle

A 
Lumbosacral
Sacroiliac 
Symphysis Pubis
Movement generally involves the entire pelvic girdle and hip joint. 
Walking, kicking a soccer ball
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8
Q

Neutral Pelvic Tilt

A

The anterior superior iliac spine and pubis symphysis are in the same vertical plane

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9
Q

Anterior Pelvic Tilt

A

Pelvis tilts forward moving the ASIS anterior to the pubis symphysis ( iliac crest tilt forward)

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10
Q

Posterior Pelvic Tilt

A

occurs when the pelvis tilts backward moving the ASIS posterior to the pubis symphysis ( iliac crests tilt backward)

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11
Q

Lateral Pelvic Tilt

A

In neutral the iliac crest should be level with one another. This tilt occurs when one leg leaves the ground. The pelvis on that side becomes unsupported. The pelvis on this side with drop slightly.

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12
Q

Hip Flexors

A 
Iliacus
Psoas Muscles  
Rectus Femoris 
Sartorius
Pectineus
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13
Q

Hip Extension

A

Posterior - Primarily hip extensors
Gluteus maximum- ( External rotator too)
Biceps femoris, Semitendosis, Semimbranouses (hamstrings)
External rotators (deep muscles – 6)

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14
Q

Hip Adductors

A 
Primarily Hip adduction 
Adductor Brevis 
Adductor Longus 
Adductor magnes 
Gracilis – most medial
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15
Q

Hip Abductors

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae Latae
External rotators

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16
Q

Knee Joint

A

tibiofemoral joint
Largest synovial joint in the body.
Essentially a hinge joint, however there is a rotational movement
One of the most frequently injured joints in the body

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17
Q

Bones of the Knee Joint

A

Femur
Tibia
Patella – floating bones

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18
Q

Menisci

A

Cartilage that provides cushions between the bones
Attached to the tibia (thicker on outside but tapers inside the border)
Deepens the tibia fossa
Enhances stability

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19
Q

Cruciate Ligaments

A

These ligaments cross within the knee and between the tibia and fibula
ACL most frequently injured.
Injuries occur when running and making a sharp directional change.
PCL less prone to injury

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20
Q

Collateral Ligaments

A 
Medial Tibial (MCL)–maintains medial alignment
Lateral Fibula (LCL) – maintains lateral alignment
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21
Q

Knee Extensors

A 
Anterior muscles
1)Rectus Femoris 
2) Vastus Medialis 
3) Vastus Intermedialis 
4) Vastus Lateralis 
More commonly known as the quadriceps 
All innervated by the femoral nerve
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22
Q

Knee Flexors

A

Posterior Muscles
Biceps Femoris (long head-sciatic nerve(short head – common peroneal nerve)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Innervated by the sciatic nerve.
Note: {Satorius – Femoral nerve}
Gracilis – weak flexor of knee- Obturator nerve
Both the gracilis and the sartorius muscles help provide medial stability of the knee.
The tensor fascia latae muscle (lateral) provides lateral stability of the knee.

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23
Q

Ankle and Foot Joints Functions

A

support and propulsion

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24
Q

Foot Arches

A

The arches help to maintain shape of the foot.

Medial longitudinal arch, Lateral longitudinal arch and transverse arch.

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25
The Foot
``` Point of contact with the ground. The bones in the foot are arranged in arches to help the foot: 1) absorb a great deal of shock 2) adjusts to changes in the terrain 3) propel the body forward. ```
26
Foot Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion – top of ankle moves towards the anterior tibia Plantarflexion – ankle and foot move away from the tibia.
27
Foot Eversion/Inversion
Eversion – ankle abduction (weight is on the medial edge of the foot) – raising the lateral border of foot Inversion – ankle adduction (weight is on the lateral edge of foot) – raising the medial border of the foot
28
Toe Flexion/Extension
Toe flexion – toes move towards plantar surface of the foot. Toe extension – move toe away from the plantar surface of the foot.
29
Anterior Compartment Leg Muscles
Dorsiflexion and extension. Tibialis Anterior Extensor Hallucis longus Extensor Digitorium longus Innervated by the deep peroneal nerve
30
Superficial Posterior Compartment Leg Muscles
``` Plantarflexion Gastronemius 2 Soleus 1 These two muscles are referred to as Triceps Surae – because of the three heads) Plantaris – missing in some people Innervated by the Tibial nerve ```
31
Deep Posterior Compartment Leg Muscles
``` Plantarflexion and toe flexors Flexor Digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis Posterior Innervated by the Tibial nerve ```
32
Lateral Compartment Leg Muscles
Eversion Peroneus longus/brevis- superfical peroneal n Tertius- deep peroneal nerve Extensor digitorium- Deep peroneal nerve
33
Medial Leg Muscles
``` Inversion Tibialis Anterior (deep peroneal n) and Tibialis Posterior (tibial n) must work synergisticly to create inversion. ```
34
Orthotic Goals
Restore Function Protect Healing Structures Prevent/Correct Deformity Reduce Pain/ Inflammation
35
Types of Thermoplastic Orthotics
Commercial Orthotics – Pre-made at a factory Custom Orthotics – fabricated for a specific person Static Orthotics – No moving parts/immobilizing Dynamic Orthotics – static base with a moving parts.
36
Orthotic Anatomical Considerations
Accommodate bony prominences Maintain natural contours Avoid compression of superficial nerves and soft tissue
37
Orthotic Mechanical Considerations
Wider, longer orthotics are more comfortable Roll Edges cause less problems Avoid padding after molding the orthotic,- the padding should be in place at the time of the molding Redness after 15 minutes indicates too much pressure
38
Orthotic Thermoplastic Material
``` Combination of Rubber and Plastic Pliable when heated Perforated and Non-Perforated Various colors Hardening time varies Various levels of thickness ```
39
Basic Orthotic Tools
``` Nippers/Scissors Stockinet Strapping material Sticky back velcro Pattern paper Heat Gun Frying pan/Hydrocolator ```
40
Orthotic Safety
Be careful with hot water Know your precautions Check splint after 15 minutes for any possible skin issues Make sure your patient can don/doff the splint independently or with supervision
41
Orthotic Patient Factors
``` Attitude/lifestyle Age/Caregiver Cognitive/Mental Status Compliance In-patient – Nursing support (wearing schedule) Insurance coverage ```
42
Radial Nerve (BP)
C6-C8,T1 SD: post arm, post forearm, and radial side of post hand MF: loss of elbow, wrist, finger, and thumb extension (wrist drop)
43
Median Nerve (BP)
C6-C8, T1 SD: palmar aspect of thumb, 2nd, 3rd, 4th fingers MF: loss of forearm pronation. loss of thumb oppos, flexion and ABD, weakened wrist flexors, weakened radial deviation. weakened 2nd and 3rd finger flexion
44
Ulnar Nerve (BP)
C8, T1 SD: 4th and 5th finger MF: loss of ulnar deviation. weakened wrist, finger flexion. loss of thumb ADD. loss of most intrinsics (claw hand)
45
Femoral Nerve
L2-L4 MI: iliopsoas, sartorius, pectineus, quadricep femoris SD: anteriore and medial thigh, medial leg, and foot MF: weakened hip flexors, loss of knee extension
46
Power Grip
an object is held forcefully while being moved about by more proximal joint muscles. ( holding a hammer/door knob)
47
Precision Grip
an object must be manipulated in a finer type of movement.
48
Prehension
using the hands for grasping, holding, and manipulating objects
49
Cylindrical (Power Grip)
all fingers are flexed around an object and the thumb is wrapped around the object in the opposite directions. (Examples: holding a hammer or a wheelbarrow
50
Spherical Grasp (Power Grip)
often involves the palm of the hand in which all fingers and thumb are abducted. ( Examples: holding a ball, apple)
51
Hook Grip (Power Grip)
involves the 2nd -5th fingers PIP and DIPs flexed around an object. (handle of a briefcase)
52
Pincer Grasp (Precision Grasp)
finger tips press against each other. (tip to tip)
53
Tripod (three-jaw chuck) (Precision Grasp)
thumb and 2 fingers (index and middle finger) pencil
54
Lateral Grip (Precision Grasp)
( pad to side of finger ) holding a key (thumb and side of index finger)
55
Pinch Grip (Precision Grasp)
thumb and index finger
56
Lumbrical Grip (Precision Grasp)
plate grip ( object held in horizontal position.
57
Talocrual joint (Ankle Joint)
Articulation of the distal tibia and talus bone. True ankle joint Uniaxial hinge joint
58
Subtalor joint (Ankle Joint)
articulation of the talus and calcaneous. | Ankle Inversion
59
Transverse Tarsal joint (Ankle Joint)
articulation between the Navicular and talus bones | Ankle Eversion
60
Closed Kinetic Chain
distal segment fixed and proximal segments move. foot is fixed and leg moves Standing – both feet on the ground – closed kinetic chain.
61
Open Kinetic Chain
distal segment is free moving. leg fixed, foot moves Example given standing and one foot is not on the ground.

OTA 206 (3 decks)

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