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Bio101 > Test2 > Flashcards

Test2 Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase

A

precedes mitosis and meiosis; 3 subphases (G1, S, G2)

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2
Q

S-phase

A

DNA synthesis

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3
Q

Gap phase

A

growth, proteins are produced, cytoplasm is made, new organelles are made, cell carries out function

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

a double stranded DNA molecule

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5
Q

Sister chromatids

A

duplicated chromosomes that are connected; each chromatid will become a chromosome in the daughter cell

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6
Q

centromere

A

constricted region of a chromosome

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7
Q

kinetochore

A

protein complex that forms at the centromere to connect chromatids to microtubule spindle fibers

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8
Q

Histone

A

proteins that the DNA double helix winds around

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9
Q

Heterochromatin

A

when DNA is is tightly wound up

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

cell replication for somatic (body) cells; 4 subphases (PMAT)

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division that produces haploid gametes (sex cells) in diploid organisms (2n)

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12
Q

Meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes separate creating 2 haploid daughter cells

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13
Q

Prophase I

A

crossing over occurs; chromatids come together (synapsis)

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14
Q

Metaphase I

A

tetrads form & line up along metaphase plate

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15
Q

Anaphase I

A

tetrads are pulled apart

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16
Q

Meiosis II

A

sister chromatids separate

17
Q

Prophase II

A

spindle forms; chromosomes move toward middle

18
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes align at metaphase plate; kinetochores pointing toward opposite poles

19
Q

Anaphase II

A

Centromeres of sister chromatids separate; individual daughter chromosomes move toward opposite poles

20
Q

Telophase II & cytokinesis

A

Cells separate; 4 daughter cells with a haploid # of single chromosomes

21
Q

nondisjunction

A

In meiosis I: homologous chromosomes fail to separate

In meiosis II: Sister chromatids fail to separate

22
Q

allele

A

different form of a gene

23
Q

Law of Equal Segregation

A

a sperm or egg carries only one allele for a single gene b/c alleles segregate away from each other during meiosis

24
Q

recessive disorders

A

skip generations

25
Q

dominant disorders

A

present in every generation

26
Q

In translation heads and tails…

A

protect RNA from enzymatic degradation

27
Q

Light reactions

A

In thylakoid; water splits; oxygen released as gas, hydrogens will form sugar

28
Q

light independent (calvin cycle)

A

in stroma; produces sugar NADPH & ATP are input

29
Q

carbon fixation

A

carbon atoms entering calvin cycle

30
Q

chemiosmosis

A

production of ATP in photosynthesis

31
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

chemiosmotic production of ATP

Bio101 (3 decks)

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