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Bio101 > Bio lab > Flashcards

Bio lab Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction

A

Subject under study, context for work reported, & hypothesis under investigation (including variables)

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2
Q

Materials and Methods

A

Explains how study is carried out & explain each control

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3
Q

Results

A

describes data trends

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4
Q

Discussion

A

explain and interpret results in light of what’s being studied

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5
Q

Format of lab report

A

Times New Roman, 12-pt font, double spaced, 1-inch margins

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6
Q

Honor Code

A

I pledge that I have given nor received unauthorized assistance on this assignment and it is entirely my own creative work

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7
Q

Objective vs. Subjective

A

Objective observations can be verified, subjective observations are observer specific

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

How independent variable will effect dependent variable. Must be testable

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9
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

if there are several explanations that might fit an observation, the simplest is most probable & therefore best

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10
Q

Agar

A

polysaccharide compound found in cell walls of red algae. Causes medium to stay in place

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11
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular; lack membrane bound organelles
Reproduction: mainly asexual
Feeding: absorption

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12
Q

Bacteria

A

Nitrogen fixation: convert nitrogen from atmosphere into usable forms
Decomposers
2 types: Photosynthetic & chemsynthetic

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13
Q

Chemosynthetic

A

bacteria obtain their energy through oxidation of inorganic substances

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14
Q

Bacilli

A

rod-shaped

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15
Q

Cocci

A

small spheres

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16
Q

Spirilla

A

cork-screw shaped

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17
Q

Blue-green algae or Cyanobacteria

A

possess chlorophyll a

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18
Q

Types of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

A

Unicellular: gloeocapsa
Colonial: oscillatoria

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19
Q

Fungi

A

eukaryotic, heterotrophic & generally multicellular

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20
Q

Staphylococcus

A

2-3 mm wide colonies, opaque, off-white sometimes yellow. Gram-positive (purple) will be seen in bunches [think “staph” infection

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21
Q

Streptococcus

A

Forms tiny colonies less than 1 mm, off-white transparent. Gram positive. [think “strept” throat

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22
Q

Bacillus

A

Forms large colonies over 3mm, usually off-white, opaque, waxy-looking. Gram-positve

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23
Q

Coliforms

A

2-3 mm wide, transparent off white, foul smelling, wet-looking. Gram-negative rods. Common in intestines [think E.coli]

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24
Q

pseudomonas

A

yellow-green, green, or blue-green pigment diffuses onto medium

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25
Q

Yeasts

A

large colonies 4 mm wide, white & glistening & raised, large oval cells

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26
Q

Molds

A

characteristically hairy-looking. Stains show hyphae (broken ends and size distinguish them from bacilli

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27
Q

Gram stain

A 
positive= thick cell wall
negative= thin cell wall
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28
Q

Protists kingdom

A

contains many eukaryotic single celled and colonial organisms. Most artificial of all kingdoms

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29
Q

Protist: Paramecium

A

single celled organism belonging to the phylum Ciliophora. Have hair-like cilia

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30
Q

oral groove

A

fluids and food particles are forced here by movement of the paramecium’s cilia

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31
Q

cytopharnyx

A

lower end of oral groove where food particles accumulate

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32
Q

food vacuole

A

envelops food particles. Digestive enzymes from lysosomes enter and digest food

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33
Q

Anal pore

A

where food vacuole migrates, attaches then empties

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34
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

remove excess fluids from cell (paramecium has 1 at each end)

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35
Q

macronucleus

A

controls cell maintenance

36
Q

micronucleus

A

responsible for genetic and reproductive functions

37
Q

conjugation

A

when 2 cells exchange micronuclei and thus genetic material

38
Q

Euglena

A

unicellular w/ both plant and animal characteristics. Photosynthetic, phagocytes

39
Q

division

A

equivalent to phylum; applies to plants

40
Q

Pellicle

A

a layer of elastic proteins inside cell membrane that maintains rigid shape despite euglena’s lack of a cell wall

41
Q

Flagellum

A

whiplike structure euglena & volvox uses to move

42
Q

Stigma/eyespot

A

light-sensitive structure containing carotenoids

43
Q

pyrenoids

A

organelles that store sugars

44
Q

cilia

A

hair-like structures made of microtubules covering cell’s entire surface. Whip-like motion beat unidirectionally propelling cell forward. Also used to push food into oralg groove [think paramecium]

45
Q

Psuedopodia

A

“false feet” that pull cell along [think amoeba]

46
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

cellular powerhouses (chloroplasts & mitochondria) were once prokaryotes but were engulfed by other cells then developed symiotic relationships w/ their hosts [think endo–>symbiotic]

47
Q

Elodea

A

pond weed found in NC

48
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

chloroplasts suspended in cytoplasm moving [think elodea]

49
Q

Volvox

A

belongs to division Chlorophyta. Contains 500 to 50,000 cells . Contain 2 flagella per cell

50
Q

cytoplasmic strands

A

connects outer cells of volvox to one another

51
Q

Plasmolysis

A

cell shrinkage due to exposure to a hypertonic solution [think elodea & celery example]

52
Q

Human epithelial cells

A

cheek cells; prominent nuclei; form protective layer

53
Q

Thylakoid

A

where light reactions of photosynthesis take place

54
Q

Stroma

A

carbohydrate formation takes place

55
Q

chlorophyll a

A

essential photosynthetic pigment. Blue-green. [think oscillatoria and gloeocapsa]

56
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

olive-green; accessory pigment. Capture additional light then transferred to chlorophyll a

57
Q

chlorophyll c

A

found in certain kinds of algae

58
Q

Carotenoids

A

other classes of yellow, orange or red pigments. 2 functions: accessory pigments & coloring reproductive parts (flowers/fruits). 2 types: carotene & xanthophylls

59
Q

how many carotenoids universally present in plants?

A

4: beta carotene, & 3 xanthophylls

60
Q

Reference front (Rf)

A

=(distance substance travels from origin)/(distance solvent travels from origin)
measure of polarity; polar molecules do NOT move

61
Q

Hill reaction

A

separates “photo” from “synthesis”

2NADP+ + 2H2O + Chloroplasts ——> 2NADPH+ + O2

62
Q

Law of Segregation

A

for diploid organisms each chromosome in a matching pair has an equal chance of being passed on to a given gamete through meiosis

63
Q

Chi square (X^2)

A

used to examine goodness-of-fit b/t observed ration of phenotypes and what you expected to see

64
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

in meiosis different chromosomes assort into gametes independently from one another

65
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome [male]

A

XXY; unusual body proportions and sterility; subnormal mental ability

66
Q

Turner’s syndrome [female]

A

XO; short stature; webbing of the neck; may have low mental ability and sterility

67
Q

Super [female]

A

XXX; may have low mental ability; fertile

68
Q

Cri du chat

A

defective chromosome #5; catlike cry; severe physical and mental abnormalities; non-lethal

69
Q

Patau’s syndrome

A

extra chromosome #13; physical abnormalities; lethal soon after birth

70
Q

Edward’s syndrome

A

Extra chromosome #18; unusual features of the head and fingers; often dies in infancy

71
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

extra chromosome #21; characteristic facial features; low mental ability; stocky build; sometimes heart defects

72
Q

XYY condition

A

may have above average height

73
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

results from mutations in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7

74
Q

[mollusca] Chiton

A

[polyplacophora] marine; scavenger; rapid movement if disturbed

75
Q

[mollusca] Clam

A

[bivalvia] marine and freshwater; filter feeder; burrows and sedentary

76
Q

[mollusca]Snail

A

[gastropoda] aquatic & terrestrial; scavenger/predator; mobile but slow

77
Q

[mollusca] Squid

A

[cephalopoda] marine; predatory; jet propulsion (fast)

78
Q

evolution

A

change in allele frequencies in a population

79
Q

[mollusca] mantle

A

thin, fleshy layer that secretes a hard shell

80
Q

torsion

A

snails butt twist towards face to fit in shell [think contortion]

81
Q

[mollusca] Radula

A

rasp-like structure in the mouth (used like teeth in chiton)

82
Q

hypothetical ancestral mollusc

A

suggests that the diversity of molluscs came about by modifications from a single ancestor

83
Q

Siphon

A

in the squid the siphon is a modification of the foot, unlike the siphon in the clam, which is a modification of the mantle

84
Q

Catechol rxn

A

catechol + 1/2 O2 —–> benzoquinone + H2O

85
Q

cofactors

A

helps enzymes achieve active conformation (proper shape)
EDTA binds to Ca+ & Mg+ (necessary for spoilage)
PTU binds to copper

Bio101 (3 decks)

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