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Bio lab Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Introduction

A

Subject under study, context for work reported, & hypothesis under investigation (including variables)

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2
Q

Materials and Methods

A

Explains how study is carried out & explain each control

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3
Q

Results

A

describes data trends

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4
Q

Discussion

A

explain and interpret results in light of what’s being studied

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5
Q

Format of lab report

A

Times New Roman, 12-pt font, double spaced, 1-inch margins

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6
Q

Honor Code

A

I pledge that I have given nor received unauthorized assistance on this assignment and it is entirely my own creative work

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7
Q

Objective vs. Subjective

A

Objective observations can be verified, subjective observations are observer specific

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

How independent variable will effect dependent variable. Must be testable

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9
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

if there are several explanations that might fit an observation, the simplest is most probable & therefore best

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10
Q

Agar

A

polysaccharide compound found in cell walls of red algae. Causes medium to stay in place

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11
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular; lack membrane bound organelles
Reproduction: mainly asexual
Feeding: absorption

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12
Q

Bacteria

A

Nitrogen fixation: convert nitrogen from atmosphere into usable forms
Decomposers
2 types: Photosynthetic & chemsynthetic

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13
Q

Chemosynthetic

A

bacteria obtain their energy through oxidation of inorganic substances

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14
Q

Bacilli

A

rod-shaped

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15
Q

Cocci

A

small spheres

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16
Q

Spirilla

A

cork-screw shaped

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17
Q

Blue-green algae or Cyanobacteria

A

possess chlorophyll a

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18
Q

Types of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

A

Unicellular: gloeocapsa
Colonial: oscillatoria

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19
Q

Fungi

A

eukaryotic, heterotrophic & generally multicellular

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20
Q

Staphylococcus

A

2-3 mm wide colonies, opaque, off-white sometimes yellow. Gram-positive (purple) will be seen in bunches [think “staph” infection

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21
Q

Streptococcus

A

Forms tiny colonies less than 1 mm, off-white transparent. Gram positive. [think “strept” throat

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22
Q

Bacillus

A

Forms large colonies over 3mm, usually off-white, opaque, waxy-looking. Gram-positve

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23
Q

Coliforms

A

2-3 mm wide, transparent off white, foul smelling, wet-looking. Gram-negative rods. Common in intestines [think E.coli]

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24
Q

pseudomonas

A

yellow-green, green, or blue-green pigment diffuses onto medium

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25
Yeasts
large colonies 4 mm wide, white & glistening & raised, large oval cells
26
Molds
characteristically hairy-looking. Stains show hyphae (broken ends and size distinguish them from bacilli
27
Gram stain
``` positive= thick cell wall negative= thin cell wall ```
28
Protists kingdom
contains many eukaryotic single celled and colonial organisms. Most artificial of all kingdoms
29
Protist: Paramecium
single celled organism belonging to the phylum Ciliophora. Have hair-like cilia
30
oral groove
fluids and food particles are forced here by movement of the paramecium's cilia
31
cytopharnyx
lower end of oral groove where food particles accumulate
32
food vacuole
envelops food particles. Digestive enzymes from lysosomes enter and digest food
33
Anal pore
where food vacuole migrates, attaches then empties
34
contractile vacuoles
remove excess fluids from cell (paramecium has 1 at each end)
35
macronucleus
controls cell maintenance
36
micronucleus
responsible for genetic and reproductive functions
37
conjugation
when 2 cells exchange micronuclei and thus genetic material
38
Euglena
unicellular w/ both plant and animal characteristics. Photosynthetic, phagocytes
39
division
equivalent to phylum; applies to plants
40
Pellicle
a layer of elastic proteins inside cell membrane that maintains rigid shape despite euglena's lack of a cell wall
41
Flagellum
whiplike structure euglena & volvox uses to move
42
Stigma/eyespot
light-sensitive structure containing carotenoids
43
pyrenoids
organelles that store sugars
44
cilia
hair-like structures made of microtubules covering cell's entire surface. Whip-like motion beat unidirectionally propelling cell forward. Also used to push food into oralg groove [think paramecium]
45
Psuedopodia
"false feet" that pull cell along [think amoeba]
46
endosymbiont theory
cellular powerhouses (chloroplasts & mitochondria) were once prokaryotes but were engulfed by other cells then developed symiotic relationships w/ their hosts [think endo-->symbiotic]
47
Elodea
pond weed found in NC
48
Cytoplasmic streaming
chloroplasts suspended in cytoplasm moving [think elodea]
49
Volvox
belongs to division Chlorophyta. Contains 500 to 50,000 cells . Contain 2 flagella per cell
50
cytoplasmic strands
connects outer cells of volvox to one another
51
Plasmolysis
cell shrinkage due to exposure to a hypertonic solution [think elodea & celery example]
52
Human epithelial cells
cheek cells; prominent nuclei; form protective layer
53
Thylakoid
where light reactions of photosynthesis take place
54
Stroma
carbohydrate formation takes place
55
chlorophyll a
essential photosynthetic pigment. Blue-green. [think oscillatoria and gloeocapsa]
56
Chlorophyll b
olive-green; accessory pigment. Capture additional light then transferred to chlorophyll a
57
chlorophyll c
found in certain kinds of algae
58
Carotenoids
other classes of yellow, orange or red pigments. 2 functions: accessory pigments & coloring reproductive parts (flowers/fruits). 2 types: carotene & xanthophylls
59
how many carotenoids universally present in plants?
4: beta carotene, & 3 xanthophylls
60
Reference front (Rf)
=(distance substance travels from origin)/(distance solvent travels from origin) measure of polarity; polar molecules do NOT move
61
Hill reaction
separates "photo" from "synthesis" | 2NADP+ + 2H2O + Chloroplasts ------> 2NADPH+ + O2
62
Law of Segregation
for diploid organisms each chromosome in a matching pair has an equal chance of being passed on to a given gamete through meiosis
63
Chi square (X^2)
used to examine goodness-of-fit b/t observed ration of phenotypes and what you expected to see
64
Law of independent assortment
in meiosis different chromosomes assort into gametes independently from one another
65
Klinefelter's Syndrome [male]
XXY; unusual body proportions and sterility; subnormal mental ability
66
Turner's syndrome [female]
XO; short stature; webbing of the neck; may have low mental ability and sterility
67
Super [female]
XXX; may have low mental ability; fertile
68
Cri du chat
defective chromosome #5; catlike cry; severe physical and mental abnormalities; non-lethal
69
Patau's syndrome
extra chromosome #13; physical abnormalities; lethal soon after birth
70
Edward's syndrome
Extra chromosome #18; unusual features of the head and fingers; often dies in infancy
71
Down's syndrome
extra chromosome #21; characteristic facial features; low mental ability; stocky build; sometimes heart defects
72
XYY condition
may have above average height
73
Cystic fibrosis
results from mutations in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7
74
[mollusca] Chiton
[polyplacophora] marine; scavenger; rapid movement if disturbed
75
[mollusca] Clam
[bivalvia] marine and freshwater; filter feeder; burrows and sedentary
76
[mollusca]Snail
[gastropoda] aquatic & terrestrial; scavenger/predator; mobile but slow
77
[mollusca] Squid
[cephalopoda] marine; predatory; jet propulsion (fast)
78
evolution
change in allele frequencies in a population
79
[mollusca] mantle
thin, fleshy layer that secretes a hard shell
80
torsion
snails butt twist towards face to fit in shell [think contortion]
81
[mollusca] Radula
rasp-like structure in the mouth (used like teeth in chiton)
82
hypothetical ancestral mollusc
suggests that the diversity of molluscs came about by modifications from a single ancestor
83
Siphon
in the squid the siphon is a modification of the foot, unlike the siphon in the clam, which is a modification of the mantle
84
Catechol rxn
catechol + 1/2 O2 -----> benzoquinone + H2O
85
cofactors
helps enzymes achieve active conformation (proper shape) EDTA binds to Ca+ & Mg+ (necessary for spoilage) PTU binds to copper

Bio101 (3 decks)

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