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Ecological Systems > Test Week 4 > Flashcards

Test Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time

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2
Q

Density

A

The number of organisms per unit area / volume

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3
Q

Natality

A

the reproductive output of a population

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4
Q

Mortality

A

the death of organisms in a population

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5
Q

Immigration

A

the number of organisms moving into the area occupied by the population

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6
Q

Emigration

A

the number of organisms moving out of an area occupied by the population

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7
Q

Morphological species

A

a group of indivduals that is morphologically, physiologically, or biochemically distinct from other groups

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8
Q

Biological species

A

a group of individuals that can potentially breed among themselves but not with individuals of other groups

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9
Q

Ecological community

A

an set of interacting natural species populations in a prescribed area or habitat

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10
Q

Name the 4 characteristics of ecological communities

A
  1. Biodiversity
  2. Relative abundance
  3. Growth form and structure
  4. Trophic structure
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11
Q

What is a trophic structure

A

who eats whom

determines flow of energy/materials from plant to carnivores

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12
Q

What does limiting factors look at

A

Distribution and abundance

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13
Q

Dispersal

A

The tendency of an organism to move away from birth or breeding sites

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14
Q

how do you analyse dispersal

A

Different spatial and temporal scales

  • space
  • time
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15
Q

Forms of dispersal

A

Diffusion - SLOW
Jump dispersal - QUICK
secular dispersal - EXTREMELY SLOW
transplant dispersal - MAN-MADE

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16
Q

What is the difference between diffusion and jump dispersal

A
  • Diffusion is a slow process over many generations while jump dispersal is quick
  • Diffusion is in hospitable terrain but jump is in inhospitable
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17
Q

What limits transplant experiments distribution

A

successful - area or time

unsuccessful - other species, physical or chemical factors

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18
Q

Give an example of a transplant experiment

A

African honey bees

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19
Q

non-natives species distribution rule

A

tens-rule

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20
Q

At which scale does barriers of dispersal limit the distribution of most animals

A

Continental scale

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21
Q

At what scale does do many species have good-excellent dispersal mechanisms

A

Local scale

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22
Q

Habitat

A

Any part of the biosphere where a particular species can live, temporarily or permanently

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23
Q

Habitat selection

A

limited to animals, which ‘choose’ where to live by moving between habitats

24
Q

Example of habitat selection

A

Kangaroo rat and pocket mouse

  • KR prefers open habitats as developed to avoid predators
  • PM prefers open habitats
25
What scale are most animals behavioural reactions limited
Microhabitat | few are landscape
26
In descending order list the factors limiting geographic ranges
Dispersal > behaviour > other species > Physical and chemical factors
27
What negative interactions with other species may limit survival and reproduction
Predation Disease Competition
28
True predation
Predators kill their prey
29
Herbivory
animals eats plants, but not always killed in process (plant)
30
Parasitism
parasites live in on or outside host, don't normally kill in process
31
What happened when the red fox was introduced to Australia
Burrowing bettong distribution servery restricted - only on islands and ~ half mainland
32
What is the management for the burrowing bettong
Eradication of red fox
33
Rock wallaby changes since the red fox
Spend more time on rocky hills rather then forage so less of them
34
Name a specialist and non specialist predator and their prey
Specialist - Canadian Lynx , prey = Snowshoe hare | Non-specialist - Red fox , prey = changes
35
Name two extinctions of bird fauna in Hawaii and reason
1st - due to habitat destruction so moved in land and not near sea 2nd - malaria introduced so away from any wetlands Now only found in the high elevations on Island
36
Resource competition
The negative interaction between two organisms, of the same or different species, over resources that are in short supply
37
Interference competition
Organisms seeking a resource harm one another in the process, even if resources are not in short supply
38
Checkboard competition
Cross over but not together
39
Black fly larvae v Midge thing (look up) BUT in real life ignore each other
- When larvae there less midge - When midge there less larvae but more - Larvae 'bully' midge > think due to larvae needing its own patch (not just another organisms)
40
Can predators or prey limit their distribution (mostly)
Predators
41
Major limiting factors of physio-chemical effects on species distribution
- Temperature - Moisture - Light
42
Where are temp ranges smallest and largest?
``` Smallest = at low latitudes over oceans Largest = over continents ```
43
Range
Difference in average temp of warmest and coldest months
44
Where does high and low precip occur
High - around equator | Low = 30 degrees north of equator
45
Temp and moisture as limiting factors - what can organisms do
Tolerate | Escape (via evolutionary adaption)
46
Two types of barnacles strength and weakness
North - Weak tolerance but strong competitor as wide | South - Weak competitor but strong tolerance as tall so can shield each other
47
How cam species extend their distribution
Local adaption to limiting factors
48
Ecotype
a group of organisms within species that are adapted to different environmental conditions and therefore differ from one another in structure and physiology
49
How can ecotypes be distinguished ?
Collect seeds along a gradient and grow in common garden (USA, grand canyon?)
50
How does light limit daily cycle of plants
Timing - daily activity cycle, breeding, photoperiodism | Photosynthesis
51
3 photosynthesis pathways
C3 C4 Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
52
C3 plant equation | Fix 3 carbon molecules
Fix CO2 + RuDP --RuDP carboxylase--> phosphglyceric acid
53
Where are C3 plants found
Lower light areas (high latitudes) | dark wetter and more clay soils
54
C4 plants equation | Fix 4 carbon molecules
Fix CO2 + PEP --PEP carboxylase--> malic acid + aspartic acid
55
What's better about C4 plants
- Fixes 4 carbon molecules so more competitive - more efficient anatomically - more light should = ore c4 plants
56
How does CAM modification help desert plants
- minimise water loss so open stomata at night | - CO2 stored as malic acid at night

Ecological Systems (5 decks)

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