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Ecological Systems > Test Week 4 > Flashcards

Test Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time

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2
Q

Density

A

The number of organisms per unit area / volume

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3
Q

Natality

A

the reproductive output of a population

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4
Q

Mortality

A

the death of organisms in a population

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5
Q

Immigration

A

the number of organisms moving into the area occupied by the population

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6
Q

Emigration

A

the number of organisms moving out of an area occupied by the population

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7
Q

Morphological species

A

a group of indivduals that is morphologically, physiologically, or biochemically distinct from other groups

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8
Q

Biological species

A

a group of individuals that can potentially breed among themselves but not with individuals of other groups

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9
Q

Ecological community

A

an set of interacting natural species populations in a prescribed area or habitat

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10
Q

Name the 4 characteristics of ecological communities

A
  1. Biodiversity
  2. Relative abundance
  3. Growth form and structure
  4. Trophic structure
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11
Q

What is a trophic structure

A

who eats whom

determines flow of energy/materials from plant to carnivores

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12
Q

What does limiting factors look at

A

Distribution and abundance

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13
Q

Dispersal

A

The tendency of an organism to move away from birth or breeding sites

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14
Q

how do you analyse dispersal

A

Different spatial and temporal scales

  • space
  • time
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15
Q

Forms of dispersal

A

Diffusion - SLOW
Jump dispersal - QUICK
secular dispersal - EXTREMELY SLOW
transplant dispersal - MAN-MADE

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16
Q

What is the difference between diffusion and jump dispersal

A
  • Diffusion is a slow process over many generations while jump dispersal is quick
  • Diffusion is in hospitable terrain but jump is in inhospitable
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17
Q

What limits transplant experiments distribution

A

successful - area or time

unsuccessful - other species, physical or chemical factors

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18
Q

Give an example of a transplant experiment

A

African honey bees

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19
Q

non-natives species distribution rule

A

tens-rule

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20
Q

At which scale does barriers of dispersal limit the distribution of most animals

A

Continental scale

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21
Q

At what scale does do many species have good-excellent dispersal mechanisms

A

Local scale

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22
Q

Habitat

A

Any part of the biosphere where a particular species can live, temporarily or permanently

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23
Q

Habitat selection

A

limited to animals, which ‘choose’ where to live by moving between habitats

24
Q

Example of habitat selection

A

Kangaroo rat and pocket mouse

  • KR prefers open habitats as developed to avoid predators
  • PM prefers open habitats
25
Q

What scale are most animals behavioural reactions limited

A

Microhabitat

few are landscape

26
Q

In descending order list the factors limiting geographic ranges

A

Dispersal > behaviour > other species > Physical and chemical factors

27
Q

What negative interactions with other species may limit survival and reproduction

A

Predation
Disease
Competition

28
Q

True predation

A

Predators kill their prey

29
Q

Herbivory

A

animals eats plants, but not always killed in process (plant)

30
Q

Parasitism

A

parasites live in on or outside host, don’t normally kill in process

31
Q

What happened when the red fox was introduced to Australia

A

Burrowing bettong distribution servery restricted - only on islands and ~ half mainland

32
Q

What is the management for the burrowing bettong

A

Eradication of red fox

33
Q

Rock wallaby changes since the red fox

A

Spend more time on rocky hills rather then forage so less of them

34
Q

Name a specialist and non specialist predator and their prey

A

Specialist - Canadian Lynx , prey = Snowshoe hare

Non-specialist - Red fox , prey = changes

35
Q

Name two extinctions of bird fauna in Hawaii and reason

A

1st - due to habitat destruction so moved in land and not near sea
2nd - malaria introduced so away from any wetlands
Now only found in the high elevations on Island

36
Q

Resource competition

A

The negative interaction between two organisms, of the same or different species, over resources that are in short supply

37
Q

Interference competition

A

Organisms seeking a resource harm one another in the process, even if resources are not in short supply

38
Q

Checkboard competition

A

Cross over but not together

39
Q

Black fly larvae v Midge thing (look up)

BUT in real life ignore each other

A
  • When larvae there less midge
  • When midge there less larvae but more
  • Larvae ‘bully’ midge
    > think due to larvae needing its own patch (not just another organisms)
40
Q

Can predators or prey limit their distribution (mostly)

A

Predators

41
Q

Major limiting factors of physio-chemical effects on species distribution

A
  • Temperature
  • Moisture
  • Light
42
Q

Where are temp ranges smallest and largest?

A 
Smallest = at low latitudes over oceans
Largest = over continents
43
Q

Range

A

Difference in average temp of warmest and coldest months

44
Q

Where does high and low precip occur

A

High - around equator

Low = 30 degrees north of equator

45
Q

Temp and moisture as limiting factors - what can organisms do

A

Tolerate

Escape (via evolutionary adaption)

46
Q

Two types of barnacles strength and weakness

A

North - Weak tolerance but strong competitor as wide

South - Weak competitor but strong tolerance as tall so can shield each other

47
Q

How cam species extend their distribution

A

Local adaption to limiting factors

48
Q

Ecotype

A

a group of organisms within species that are adapted to different environmental conditions and therefore differ from one another in structure and physiology

49
Q

How can ecotypes be distinguished ?

A

Collect seeds along a gradient and grow in common garden (USA, grand canyon?)

50
Q

How does light limit daily cycle of plants

A

Timing - daily activity cycle, breeding, photoperiodism

Photosynthesis

51
Q

3 photosynthesis pathways

A

C3
C4
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

52
Q

C3 plant equation

Fix 3 carbon molecules

A

Fix CO2 + RuDP –RuDP carboxylase–> phosphglyceric acid

53
Q

Where are C3 plants found

A

Lower light areas (high latitudes)

dark wetter and more clay soils

54
Q

C4 plants equation

Fix 4 carbon molecules

A

Fix CO2 + PEP –PEP carboxylase–> malic acid + aspartic acid

55
Q

What’s better about C4 plants

A
  • Fixes 4 carbon molecules so more competitive
  • more efficient anatomically
  • more light should = ore c4 plants
56
Q

How does CAM modification help desert plants

A
  • minimise water loss so open stomata at night

- CO2 stored as malic acid at night

Ecological Systems (5 decks)

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