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Ecological Systems > Test 2 - Species Interactions > Flashcards

Test 2 - Species Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 species interactions

A
  1. Competition
  2. Predation
  3. Herbivory
  4. Parasitism
  5. Disease
  6. Mutualism
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2
Q

Definition of Competition

A

two organisms use the same resource, or seek that resource, to the detriment of both

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3
Q

Disease

A

an association between a pathogenic microorganism and a host species in which the host suffers physiologically

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4
Q

Predation

A

one animal species eat all or part of a second animals species

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5
Q

Herbivory

A

one animal species eat all or part of a plant species

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6
Q

Parasitism

A

two species live in a physically close, obligatory association in which the parasite depends metabolically on the host

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7
Q

Mutualism

A

two species live in close association with one another to the benefit of both

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8
Q

Resource Competition

A

Last test should remember

occurs when a number of organisms, of the same or different species, use common resources that are in short supply

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9
Q

Interference Competition

A

occurs when the organisms seeking a resource harm one another in the process, even if the resource is not in short supply

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10
Q

Gauses hypothesis

A

“As a result of competition, two similar species scarcely ever occupy similar niches, but displace each other in such a manner that each takes possession of certain kinds of food and modes of life in which it has an advantage over its competitor

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11
Q

When does competition exclusion occur in labs (3 things)

A
  1. environment is unstable - not reached equilibrium
  2. Resources are not limiting
  3. The environment fluctuate such that direction of competition reverses before extinction
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12
Q

Why in stable environments do species often live together

A
  1. Competition was always rare in nature - resources often not limiting
  2. Competition has been common in nature but could adapt away
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13
Q

how do Dendroica warblers survive alongside each other

A
  • Feed at different positions on tree
  • different areas
  • different ways of moving
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14
Q

How do they feed alongside each other - tern species on Christmas island

A

Same way and resources but different sized fish depending on beak size

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15
Q

If observed differences in resources need to know if …

A
  1. Competitions in past

2. Speciation

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16
Q

Where is strength of competition mostly seen

A

Herbivores

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17
Q

Due to competition how can species diverge where they occur

A
  1. reinforce reproduction barriers in closely related species
  2. If overlap character differences may mean they keep distance
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18
Q

Beak sizes of Darwins finches characteristics

A

Fortis and fuliginosa when separate very similar but when together fortis beak bigger and vice vera

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19
Q

r-selected animals

A

Seldom suffer pressure from interspecific competition during colonization and establishment - evolve no competition
Evolove to invest enery in reproduction - small

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20
Q

k-selected animals

A

Suffer pressure from interspecific competition at or near the carrying capacity
evolve to get bigger have less offspring but invest in offspring

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21
Q

what is a competitive strategy and give an example

A

Low intensity of stress and intensity of disturbance
e.g trees
(k)

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22
Q

What is a ruderal strategy

A

Low intensity of stress and high intensity of disturbance

e.g weeds

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23
Q

What is a stress-tolerant strategy

A

High intensity of stress and Low intensity of disturbance

e.g evergreen

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24
Q

5 types of predator

A
  1. Carnivore
  2. Herbivore
  3. Insect parasitoid
  4. Parasite
  5. Cannibal
25
Insect parasitoid
lay eggs on insect host, which is killed and eaten
26
Indirect effects with and without predator competition
with - exploitation of shared prey | without - competition between prey drives pattern
27
what does predation do ?
- restricts competition - Affects the organisation of a community - Drives natural selection and adaption
28
the 3 case studies on affect of abundance of prey
Skunk - duck eggs Dingo - red kangaroo Sea Lamprey - local trout 4
29
Skunk case study
Removal of skunks increased duck eggs massively
30
4 components of predation
1. numerical response 2. Functional response 3. Aggregative response 4. developmental response
31
Numerical response
The density of predators in a given area increases by reproduction - wolves increase with moose density until territoriality restricts numerical
32
Functional response
The number of prey eaten by individual predators changes, often with prey density - Handling time - quicker species can eat prey more can be eaten
33
Developmental response
One in which individual predators eat more or less prey as predators grow towards maturity - two different eating patterns means more or less prey consumed
34
Aggregative response
One in which individual predators move into and concentrate in the study area
35
Bay breasted and budworm
Individuals saturated quickly more food =more birds as insects become more abundant they then become swamped budworm sometimes lads sometimes none
36
' the world is green'
1. controlled by true predators, releasing plants from herbivory 2. some plants or part of plants are inedible, evolved to restrict effect of herbivory
37
how do plants adapt defences against herbivores
1. Structural - thorns, tough leaves | 2. Chemical - secondary plants substances
38
English oak (pedunculate)
- Dominant tree in deciduous woodland | - leaves attacked by more herbivore species than any other tree
39
Why is the English oaks leaves mostly attacked in spring
Leaves become less palatable with age, get tougher than young ones
40
Do larvae feed on both old and young leaves when they are ground up, full or both
ground up
41
what is the difference between species tat feed in spring and summer
Summer species have a slower growth rate as old leaves are low in nutrients
42
what are tannins
A secondary plant substance that binds proteins in complexes, reducing the palatability of leaves for herbivores
43
How much tannin is needed in an Oak leaf to reduce winter moth larva
1%
44
How do species feed in summer with tannins around
They feed onto parts of the leaf tannins are not found
45
How do herbivores compensate with oak trees defending themselves both chemically and structurally
concentrate feeding in early spring, altering their life cycles
46
Name a mutualistic system and explain
Ants and acacias in neotropics | - acacia depends on ants for defence while ants depend on acacia for food
47
Serengeti plains - why do large grazing mammals interact
food, limited or cooperate to harvest plant material
48
how many : wildebeest, gazelles, zebra, buffaloes?
1,000,000 600,000 200,000 65,000
49
what parts of the plant do zebras, wildebeest and gazelle eat
zebras - mostly stems, sheaths Wildebeest - more sheaths, leaves gazelle - sheaths, other herbs others don't consume
50
Compare population sizes of gazelle, wildebeest and zebra to rainfall and grass
rainfall peak being of spring, grass similar but delayed compared wildebeest - high spikes when rainfall and grass lowest zebra - population highest when both grass and rainfall is too gazelle - peaks when wildebeest and zebra low
51
What does wildebeest do to grass
Reduces plant biomass by 85% and plant height by 56%
52
What is there no evidence for on the Serengeti plains
The 3 animals competing for food | zebra breaks down grass for wildebeest and they then prepare grass for gazelles
53
Lots of different types of algae | name a small, medium and large
small - Prostrate medium - stalked filamentous large - filamentous
54
what are single celled algae
diatoms
55
effect of grazing of benthic algae by herbivourous stream insects
unglazed tiles places in stream - algae rose quickly in first 2 weeks - fell when helicopsyche rises - rise again when helicopsyche loses instrest
56
Algae can be controlled by herbivores but most plants aren't why?
algae are so small relative to herbivore where as in other places there is not that difference
57
herbivourous invertebrates can affect
- biomass - taxonomic composition - physiognomy species richness
58
Effects of grazing depends on
- herbivore density and consumption rate - match between grazer mouthparts and algal structure - productive capacity of algae

Ecological Systems (5 decks)

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