Test 2 - Species Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 species interactions

A
  1. Competition
  2. Predation
  3. Herbivory
  4. Parasitism
  5. Disease
  6. Mutualism
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2
Q

Definition of Competition

A

two organisms use the same resource, or seek that resource, to the detriment of both

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3
Q

Disease

A

an association between a pathogenic microorganism and a host species in which the host suffers physiologically

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4
Q

Predation

A

one animal species eat all or part of a second animals species

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5
Q

Herbivory

A

one animal species eat all or part of a plant species

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6
Q

Parasitism

A

two species live in a physically close, obligatory association in which the parasite depends metabolically on the host

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7
Q

Mutualism

A

two species live in close association with one another to the benefit of both

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8
Q

Resource Competition

A

Last test should remember

occurs when a number of organisms, of the same or different species, use common resources that are in short supply

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9
Q

Interference Competition

A

occurs when the organisms seeking a resource harm one another in the process, even if the resource is not in short supply

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10
Q

Gauses hypothesis

A

“As a result of competition, two similar species scarcely ever occupy similar niches, but displace each other in such a manner that each takes possession of certain kinds of food and modes of life in which it has an advantage over its competitor

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11
Q

When does competition exclusion occur in labs (3 things)

A
  1. environment is unstable - not reached equilibrium
  2. Resources are not limiting
  3. The environment fluctuate such that direction of competition reverses before extinction
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12
Q

Why in stable environments do species often live together

A
  1. Competition was always rare in nature - resources often not limiting
  2. Competition has been common in nature but could adapt away
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13
Q

how do Dendroica warblers survive alongside each other

A
  • Feed at different positions on tree
  • different areas
  • different ways of moving
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14
Q

How do they feed alongside each other - tern species on Christmas island

A

Same way and resources but different sized fish depending on beak size

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15
Q

If observed differences in resources need to know if …

A
  1. Competitions in past

2. Speciation

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16
Q

Where is strength of competition mostly seen

A

Herbivores

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17
Q

Due to competition how can species diverge where they occur

A
  1. reinforce reproduction barriers in closely related species
  2. If overlap character differences may mean they keep distance
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18
Q

Beak sizes of Darwins finches characteristics

A

Fortis and fuliginosa when separate very similar but when together fortis beak bigger and vice vera

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19
Q

r-selected animals

A

Seldom suffer pressure from interspecific competition during colonization and establishment - evolve no competition
Evolove to invest enery in reproduction - small

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20
Q

k-selected animals

A

Suffer pressure from interspecific competition at or near the carrying capacity
evolve to get bigger have less offspring but invest in offspring

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21
Q

what is a competitive strategy and give an example

A

Low intensity of stress and intensity of disturbance
e.g trees
(k)

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22
Q

What is a ruderal strategy

A

Low intensity of stress and high intensity of disturbance

e.g weeds

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23
Q

What is a stress-tolerant strategy

A

High intensity of stress and Low intensity of disturbance

e.g evergreen

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24
Q

5 types of predator

A
  1. Carnivore
  2. Herbivore
  3. Insect parasitoid
  4. Parasite
  5. Cannibal
25
Q

Insect parasitoid

A

lay eggs on insect host, which is killed and eaten

26
Q

Indirect effects with and without predator competition

A

with - exploitation of shared prey

without - competition between prey drives pattern

27
Q

what does predation do ?

A
  • restricts competition
  • Affects the organisation of a community
  • Drives natural selection and adaption
28
Q

the 3 case studies on affect of abundance of prey

A

Skunk - duck eggs
Dingo - red kangaroo
Sea Lamprey - local trout 4

29
Q

Skunk case study

A

Removal of skunks increased duck eggs massively

30
Q

4 components of predation

A
  1. numerical response
  2. Functional response
  3. Aggregative response
  4. developmental response
31
Q

Numerical response

A

The density of predators in a given area increases by reproduction
- wolves increase with moose density until territoriality restricts numerical

32
Q

Functional response

A

The number of prey eaten by individual predators changes, often with prey density

  • Handling time
  • quicker species can eat prey more can be eaten
33
Q

Developmental response

A

One in which individual predators eat more or less prey as predators grow towards maturity
- two different eating patterns means more or less prey consumed

34
Q

Aggregative response

A

One in which individual predators move into and concentrate in the study area

35
Q

Bay breasted and budworm

A

Individuals saturated quickly
more food =more birds
as insects become more abundant they then become swamped
budworm sometimes lads sometimes none

36
Q

’ the world is green’

A
  1. controlled by true predators, releasing plants from herbivory
  2. some plants or part of plants are inedible, evolved to restrict effect of herbivory
37
Q

how do plants adapt defences against herbivores

A
  1. Structural - thorns, tough leaves

2. Chemical - secondary plants substances

38
Q

English oak (pedunculate)

A
  • Dominant tree in deciduous woodland

- leaves attacked by more herbivore species than any other tree

39
Q

Why is the English oaks leaves mostly attacked in spring

A

Leaves become less palatable with age, get tougher than young ones

40
Q

Do larvae feed on both old and young leaves when they are ground up, full or both

A

ground up

41
Q

what is the difference between species tat feed in spring and summer

A

Summer species have a slower growth rate as old leaves are low in nutrients

42
Q

what are tannins

A

A secondary plant substance that binds proteins in complexes, reducing the palatability of leaves for herbivores

43
Q

How much tannin is needed in an Oak leaf to reduce winter moth larva

A

1%

44
Q

How do species feed in summer with tannins around

A

They feed onto parts of the leaf tannins are not found

45
Q

How do herbivores compensate with oak trees defending themselves both chemically and structurally

A

concentrate feeding in early spring, altering their life cycles

46
Q

Name a mutualistic system and explain

A

Ants and acacias in neotropics

- acacia depends on ants for defence while ants depend on acacia for food

47
Q

Serengeti plains - why do large grazing mammals interact

A

food, limited or cooperate to harvest plant material

48
Q

how many : wildebeest, gazelles, zebra, buffaloes?

A

1,000,000
600,000
200,000
65,000

49
Q

what parts of the plant do zebras, wildebeest and gazelle eat

A

zebras - mostly stems, sheaths
Wildebeest - more sheaths, leaves
gazelle - sheaths, other herbs others don’t consume

50
Q

Compare population sizes of gazelle, wildebeest and zebra to rainfall and grass

A

rainfall peak being of spring, grass similar but delayed compared
wildebeest - high spikes when rainfall and grass lowest
zebra - population highest when both grass and rainfall is too
gazelle - peaks when wildebeest and zebra low

51
Q

What does wildebeest do to grass

A

Reduces plant biomass by 85% and plant height by 56%

52
Q

What is there no evidence for on the Serengeti plains

A

The 3 animals competing for food

zebra breaks down grass for wildebeest and they then prepare grass for gazelles

53
Q

Lots of different types of algae

name a small, medium and large

A

small - Prostrate
medium - stalked filamentous
large - filamentous

54
Q

what are single celled algae

A

diatoms

55
Q

effect of grazing of benthic algae by herbivourous stream insects

A

unglazed tiles places in stream

  • algae rose quickly in first 2 weeks
  • fell when helicopsyche rises
  • rise again when helicopsyche loses instrest
56
Q

Algae can be controlled by herbivores but most plants aren’t why?

A

algae are so small relative to herbivore where as in other places there is not that difference

57
Q

herbivourous invertebrates can affect

A
  • biomass
  • taxonomic composition
  • physiognomy
    species richness
58
Q

Effects of grazing depends on

A
  • herbivore density and consumption rate
  • match between grazer mouthparts and algal structure
  • productive capacity of algae