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Ecological Systems > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 key physical and chemical properties of fresh water systems?

A
  • Density, viscosity
  • Flow, velocity and depth
  • Light
  • Temperature
  • Dissolved Oxygen
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • pH
  • Nutrients
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2
Q

how does density vary?

A

Through salinity and temperature

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3
Q

Viscosity (resistance of fluid to sheer stress) – what does roughness increase with?

A

Size and velocity

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4
Q

Does Flow/discharge increase or decrease down stream?

A

Increase due to direct runoff

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5
Q

What are lotic and lentic systems?

A

Rivers – flowing systems – lotic

Lakes – standing systems – lentic

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6
Q

What is water temp dependant on?

A 
o	Origin: ground water, surface runoff, glaciers
o	Tributary inputs
o	Air temperature
o	Season
o	Time of day 
o	Water depth and discharge
o	Substrate and amount of turbulence
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7
Q

why does water have less variable temp to air

A

has a lower specific heat capacity

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8
Q

2 types of ice on rivers

A

Frazil, mobile ice at start, Anchor, connected to banks and doesn’t move

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9
Q

Name two rivers with long term trends

A

Mississippi - mean water increase from 1.6 to 2.2 degrees due to industrial influence
Trent - decline in water temp due to shut down of coal mines along river

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10
Q

Species and temperature rate effects - use examples

A

Salmon and Mayfly - Speed of mayfly development depends on time of year as temp of water

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11
Q

What happens with an increase and decrease in dissolved oxygen

A

Increase - More oxygen = more plants in river
Cold water can hold more oxygen than warm
Decrease - Respiration, overall mainly decomposers organisms like algae

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12
Q

which altitude can water hold more oxygen

A

Lower altitudes

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13
Q

What is the pH of natural rainwater, lake or river

A
  1. 64

4. 5 - much less

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14
Q

7 essential plant growth nutrients

A 
Calcium
iron
manganese
Magnesium
Potassium
Silica
Sodium
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15
Q

What is nitrogen for streams and rivers

A

In flux with the atmosphere as well as cycling within the system

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16
Q

What globally is the limiting element + give more

A

Phosphorous

N:P >16:1 P is limiting

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17
Q

Pollution affects with N and P

A

Pollution just N not significant effect but with P can result in detrimental rapid plant growth

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18
Q

What is allochthonous carbon

A

Organic carbon originating outside stream - e.g. leaves and twigs

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19
Q

What is autochthonous carbon

A

Organic carbon originating from the stream e.g. diatoms growing on surface stones

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20
Q

What’s the difference between hemimetabolies and metamorphosis

A

hemimetabolies = Eggs -> insect nymph -> adult
Complete metamorphosis = Eggs -> insect larvae -> pupae -> adult
meta - very obvs differences

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21
Q

Name the 5 feeding groups

A

Shredders - utilize CPOM create FPOM
Collectors - gathers - collect organic matter from bed Collectors - filterers - filter FPOM from water column
Scrapers - scrape attached algae from stones
Predators - eat the other invertebrates

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22
Q

Give the 4 main stages of leaves that fall into rivers

A
  1. Leaching - 15-25% in first 24 hours
  2. conditioning - colonisation by fungi then bacteria 7% loss in ~30 days
  3. invertebrate shredding - 20% breakdown
  4. physical abrasion
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23
Q

what is RCC

A

River Continuum Concept

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24
Q

RCC - Headwaters - stream <6m width

A
  • Dominated by shredders
  • P/R < 1
  • Few scrappers due to low light
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25
Q

RCC - Middle - Stream 6 - 75m width

A
  • Scrappers large component as more light penetration
  • collectors also dominant
    shredders low number due to little leaf retention
  • P/R > 1
26
Q

RCC - Large - widths 75-700m

A
  • Dominated by collectors, gathering and filtering organic
  • Scrappers not represented due to depth limiting productivity
  • No shredders
  • P/R < 1
27
Q

RCC criticisms

A

Developed for pristine systems

  • interrupted by lots of different things
    e. g. dams, urban areas …
28
Q

What is DIC

A

Dissolved inorganic carbon

e.g. CO2

29
Q

What is DOC

A

Dissolved Organic Carbon

e.g. organic material that can pass through filter

30
Q

PIC/POC

A

Particulate (In) Organic Carbon

- similar to DOC but cant pass through filter

31
Q

What nutrients are limiting in spiralling

A

C, P, N as undergo extensive utilization as pass downstream

32
Q

How far does inorganic and organic material travel

A 
90% = inorganic
10% = time spent for organic
33
Q

What are the components of a nutrient cycle

A

Spiral length - uptake length + turnover length

Uptake length - average distance travelled

34
Q

Factors influencing nutrient uptake

A
  1. Biochemical (biota doing uptake)

2. Geomorphic (physical properties of channel)

35
Q

why does biological uptake rates vary as a function of nutrient concentrations

A

saturation occurs at high concentrations

36
Q

What does geomorphic retention of nutrirents depends on

A
  1. hydrology
  2. size of particle
  3. heterogeneity of stream bed
  4. LWD
    - also depends on tightness of spirals and efficiently of stream
37
Q

What happens when high demand for nutrient spiralling

A

lengths of spiral increase with discharge

38
Q

What are the Lake types

A
  • Tectonic
  • Volcanic crater
  • Meteorite crater
  • Thermokarst
  • Landslide
  • Glacial
  • Oxbow
  • Manmade
39
Q

What is retention time

A

Volume / mean rate of inflow OR mean rate of outflow + plus evaporation rate

40
Q

Tectonic lakes

A

includes some of the largest lakes
VERY VERY deep
- Lake Baikal Siberia - oldest lake in the world and is 636km deep

41
Q

Glacial Lakes

A

Formed last ice age
Corries
often smaller scale

42
Q

Man-made

A

Hydropower
- river water widely fluctuating
Water supply / flood storage
- water stored during winter for summer supply

43
Q

Why is depth so important in lakes

A

As influenced by light penetration and temperature regime

44
Q

Why is autochthonous production important

A

macrophytes and benthic algae in the margins

phytoplankton in open water

45
Q

What are the three layers that result from seasonal Summer warming

A

Epilimnion - upper, warmer, surface layer
Hypolimnion - Deeper, cooler, lower layer
Thermocline - distinct separation

46
Q

when does the nutrient cycling occur

A

Spring and autumn when similar temp all down lake depth

47
Q

Epilimnion - why well oxygenated

A

Wave action to mix

photosynthesis by phytoplankton

48
Q

Hypolimnion - oxygen depleted

A

separated from air
low light penetration
bacterial respiration

49
Q

Define

  • holomictic
  • Monomictic
  • Warm Monomictic
  • Dimictic lakes
  • Meromictic
A 
H - mix completely all year
M - mix once per year
WM - stratify in summer, mixed in winter
DM - stratify in both winter and summer, mixing in autumn and spring
M - never mix
50
Q

What are the limiting factors

A

Nutrients - N and P

Light - transparency determines depth of light penetration

51
Q

How does energy flow through lakes

A

Green algae -> herbivore -> carnivore 1 -> carnivore 2 as deeper you go

52
Q

2 types of sampling in lakes

A

van dorn - collecting samples

Secchi disc for transparency

53
Q

what are oligotrophic lakes

A
  • Nutrient-poor
  • Low productivity
  • High transparency in the epilimnion
  • High dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion
54
Q

Mesotrophic lakes

A

Middle of other two tropic lakes

55
Q

Eutrophic lakes

A
  • Nutrient-rich
  • High productivity
  • Low transparency in the epilimnion
  • Low dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion
56
Q

Name producers, consumers, predators, high predators

A

Pro - Phytoplankton
Con - graving invertebrates
Pred - invertebrates and fish
HP - fish, birds and mammals

57
Q

Name 7 adaptations

A 
breathing tubes
long legs
plastron
haemoglobin - type pigment
gills
buoyancy
being extremely hyaline (transparent)
58
Q

Seasonal patterns of phytoplankton

A

winter - lake is well mixed but plankton abundance low, limited by light and temp
spring - plankton increase and use nutrients
Autumn - first storms = mixing plankton exploit new nutrients

59
Q

what is the littoral and profundal zone

A

L - lake bed where plants can grow

P - lake bed where there is no plant growth

60
Q

what is productivity related to

A

light

61
Q

what is limited by O2

A

benthic communities

62
Q

Where is the most diversity found

A

the top of the lake - however not complete top as too much disturbance

Ecological Systems (5 decks)

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