Test Two Flashcards
function of endocardium
serves as protective inner lining of the chambers and valves
during exercise, why is blood flow towards apex of lung
increase the pressure of the system
thick blood has a higher
hematocrit and higher resistance to flow
how does the heart receive blood supply
coronary arteries
where does capacitance occur
veins and venules
what is the respiratory zone
exchange of gases between air and blood
where is pressure located during diastolic pressure
arteries
expiration at exercise is
active
what does nitric oxide do
promotes smooth muscle relaxation which results in vasodilation and increased blood flow
when standing, why is most of the blood flow at the base of the lung
gravity
how do beta blockers work
compete with epinephrine and norepinephrine for beta andrenergic receptors in heart, reduce HR and contractility which lowers the myocardial oxygen demand
what happens to stroke volume during prolonged exercise
gradual decrease due to dehydration and reduced plasma volume
what are type 2 alveoli
release surfactant 3%
changes in HR and blood pressure during exercise depend on what
type, intensity, and duration of exercise., environmental condition, emotional influence
at rest, was part of the nervous system has more control over the heart
parasympathetic
what is total lung capacity
amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration
what is the most abundant protein in blood
albumin
what is the conducting zone
conducts air to respiratory zone, humidifies, warms and filters air
reasons for sudden cardiac death during exercise for kids and adolescents
genetic anomalies of coronary arteries, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis
what does cardiac output depend on
training state and gender
what happens to double product during incremental exercise
increases linearly with exercise intensity
what happens during expiration
diaphragm relaxes, ribs pulled downward, volume of lungs decrease, pressure increases and intrapulmonary pressure raised
what is the pressure like in the pulmonary circuit
lower but has same rate of flow as systemic circuit
muscles of inspiration
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, intercostals,diaphragm
where is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system
alveoli
beta blockers will lower HR during what type of exercise
submaximal and maximal
function of myocardium
provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers
what are the determinants of MAP
cardiac output and total vascular resistance
how does exercise reduce amount of myocardial damage from heart attack
improvements in heart’s antioxidant capacity, improve function of ATP-sensitive potassium channels
what is dyspnea
shortness of breath
what is alveolar surfactant
reduces tension of alveoli to allow you to exchange more gas
what is cardioprotective
regular exercise, reduced incidence of heart attacks, improves survival from heart attack
average aortic blood pressure is also known as
afterload
what is pulmonary respiration
ventilation, exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs, happens in aveoli
where does exchange occur
capillaries
why is there a brief delay in the AV node
allow for ventricular filling, allow last little bit of blood to escape atria before ventricles contract
low resting HR is due to
parasympathetic tone
during exercise, is systole or diastole long or short
they both are short, but diastole decreases the most
what is daltons law
the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert independently, relationship between concentration and partial pressure
what is pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic
what is depolarization
electrical event that leads to contraction
when does 2-3DPG occur
only happens at altitude
what is ficks law of diffusion
the rate of gas transfer is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in the partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue, and inversely related to the thickness
purpose of the respiratory system during exercise
gas exchange between the environment and the body, regulation of acid-base balance during exercise
function of epicardium
serves as lubricative outer covering
how does secondary hypertension occur
result of some other disease process
what is a byproduct of RCB glycolysis
2-3 DPG
what is inotropic
contractility
what is the equation for MAP
DBP+ .33(systolic -diastolic)
what nerves allow sympathetic system to regulate HR
cardiac accelerator nerves
how to increase cardiac output during exercise
increase HR and increase SV
what nerve allows the parasympathetic system to regulate HR
vagus nerve
what is cellular respiration
O2 utilization and CO2 production by the tissue
what is the purpose of the cardiorespiratory system
transport O2 and nutrients to tissue, removal of CO2 wastes from tissues, regulation of body temp
what segment depression suggest myocardial ischemia
S-T segment
what is atherosclerosis
fatty plaque that narrows the coronary arteries and reduces blood flow to myocardium
recover of HR and BP of intermittent exercise depend on
fitness level, temp and humidity, and duration and intensity of exercise
what happens in p wave
atrial depolarization
what are the risk factors of hypertension
left ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis and heart attack, kidney damage, stroke
COPD is associated with
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
what is dead space ventilation
volume of air remaining in conducting airways
redistribution of blood depends on what
metabolic rate/ exercise intensity
what happens going from exercise to rest
decrease in HR, SV and cardiac output but depends on duration and intensity of exercise and training state of subject
why is the pressure less in arterioles than in heart
branches off causing less of a pressure demand by splitting into a bigger volume of area
what happens going from rest to exercise
rapid increase in HR, SV, cardiac output an there is a plateau in submaximal exercise
what happens in the T wave
ventricular repolarization
what is vital capacity
maximal volume of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration
what are type 1 alveoli
97% used for gas exchange
what improves respiratory muscle endurance
increased oxidative capacity and reduce work of breathing
venous return is increased by
venoconstriction, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
at the tissues what is hemoglobin like
low PO2 which favors release of O2 to tissues
what is residual volume
volume of gas remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
at the lung what is hemoglobin like
High PO2 which favors formation of oxyhemoglobin
what is alveolar ventiliaton
volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone
when expiration is rest it is
passive
pressure in proportional to what
the difference between MAP and the right atrial pressure
what is involved with the conduction system of the heart
SA node, VA node, bundle branches and purkinje fibers
what is forced expiratory volume
volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration
what is the ventilation/ perfusion ratio for
indicates matching of blow flow to ventilation
how does the parasympathetic system regulate HR
slows HR by inhibiting SA and AV node
what determines the direction of losing or gaining O2 to hemoglobin
PO2 of blood, and affinity between Hb and O2
what is the central command theory
initial signal to drive cardiovascular system comes from higher brain centers due to centrally generated motor signals
inspiration is always
active
what are the organs involved with the respiratory system
nose and nasal cavities, pharynx and larynx, trachea and bronchial tree, lungs with alveoli
is there a plateau in SV for highly trained subjects
no
what are two reasonsO2 uptake is increased
rate of inspiration goes up and goes from active to passive
what is mean arterial pressure
average pressure in arteries
effect of pH on hemoglobin
decrease pH leads to lowering affinity Hb-O2
rightward shift, favors offloading
what pressure number does it take to open the valves up
120 mmHg
the heart wall contains
epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
you can enhance the strength of the ventricular contraction (contractility) by
circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine, direct sympathetic stimulation of heart
reasons for sudden cardiac death during exercise for adults
coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy
what happens to blood pressure during incremental exercise
MAP increases linearly, systolic increases linearly, diastolic remains constant
muscles of expiration
internal intercostals, external and internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis
airflow depends on
pressure difference between two ends of airway, resistance of airways
what is the equation of double product
HR x systolic BP
what is a myocardial infarction
blockage in coronary blood flow resulting in cell damage
what is breathing frequency
number of breaths per minute
what are the two major adjustments of blood flow during exercise
increased cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow
what is chronotropic
heart rate
what happens to HR during prolonged exercise
gradual increase which causes cardiovascular drift due to losses of plasma volume
what is the intrapleural pressure like compared to atmospheric
lower which prevents collapse of alveoli
hemoglobin is diffused in what portion of the blood
plasma
what are the sources of vascular resistance
MAP decreases throughout the systemic circulation, largest drop occurs across the arterioles
the circulatory system works with what other system
respiratory
what are the functions of the lung
means of gas exchange between the external environment and the body, ventilation, and diffusion
blood flow is directly proportional to what
the pressure difference between the two ends of the system
what is double product
indicates the work of the heart
what is tidal volume
amount of air moved per breath 500 ml
at rest, which is longer diastole or systole
diastole
how do we redistribute blood flow
vasoconstriction and vasodilation creating a pressure
if your BP increases what happens to SNS activity
decreases
what is ventilation
mechanical process of moving air into and out of lungs
what is the importance of nitric oxide
autoregulation, blood flow regulation during exercise
what is the average aortic blood pressure
pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood
function of albumin
transport fatty acids in blood
during incremental exercise what happens to HR and cardiac output
increases linearly with increasing work rate, reaches plateau at 100% VO2 max
what is the V/Q of the apex of the lung
underperfused
> 1.0
why is there an increase in HR at onset of exercise
initial increase due to parasympathetic withdrawal, later increase due to SNS stimulation
how much greater is oxygen demand by muscles during exercise than at rest
15 to 25x
resistance in blood flow depends on what
length of vessel, viscosity of blood, and radius of vessel
what is diastole
relaxation phase, filling with blood
what is the V/Q of the base of the lung
over perfused
< 1.0
what protects heart from MI
exercise training, cardio protection
what is systole
contraction phase, ejection of blood
what are the components of the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs
long term regulation of arterial blood pressure
kidneys, control blood volume and control fluid volume in body
contraction of the heart depends on what
electrical stimulation of the myocardium
what is the end diastolic volume (EDV)
volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
why is gender a factor in cardiac output
heart of male is large due to levels of testosterone
what are the cells in blood
RBC, WBC, and platelets
why does SV not plateau in trained subjects
improved ventricular filling, enhanced skeletal pump, venous constriction and enhanced venous return, increased respiratory pump, increase EDV and SV at high HR
why is the arm exercise more intense than leg
increase HR due to higher sympathetic stimulation, higher BP due to vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass, resistance to flow in arm is higher than in legs
EDV also known as
preload
what happens to V/Q during exercise
light exercise improves ratio, heavy exercise results in inequality
why is there a plateau in SV for untrained people
at high HR, filling time is decreased and decrease in EDV and V
where is nitric oxide produced
endothelium or arterioles
how does the sympathetic system regulate HR
increases HR by stimulating SA and AV node, increase rate and contractility via increase calcium release
what is an ECG
records the electrical activity of the heart
what is cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
what is the equation for cardiac output
q= HR x SV
what is spirometry
measurement of pulmonary volumes and rate of expired airflow
what is in plasma
contains ions, proteins, and hormones
what are the spaces of lungs
visceral pleura (outer surface), parietal pleura (lines thoracic wall), intrapleural space
what is hematocrit
percentage of blood composed of cells
why does heart maintain O2 level during rest and exercise
the heart is a highly oxidative organ and would die if it lost O2
during prolong exercise what happens to cardiac output
maintained
what is the short term regulation of MAP
sympathetic nervous system, baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries
blood flow is inversely proportional to what
resistance
what happens in the QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
what is the pressure like during diastole
pressure in ventricle is low, filling with blood from atria
what is the major muscle of inspiration
diaphragm
effect of temp on hemoglobin
increase blood temp lowers Hb-O2 affinity, rightward shift
what are the components of the conducting zone
trachea, bronchial tree, bronchioles
the first sound in heart beat is
closing of the av valves
where does the feedback come from in the central command theory
heart mechanoreceptors, muscle chemoreceptors, muscle mechanoreceptors, and baroreceptors
the second sound in heart beat is
closing of aortic and pulmonary valves
what do you find in blood
plasma, cells
what is vital capacity
maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
what happens in inspiration
diaphragm pushes downward, ribs lift outward, volume of lungs increases, pressure decreased, intrapulmonary pressure lowered
increased O2 delivery during exercise is accomplished by
increased cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow
what is stroke volume
amount of blood ejected in each beat
what is the pressure is like during systole
pressure in ventricles rises, blood ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation
