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Physiology of Exercise > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

1
Q

function of endocardium

A

serves as protective inner lining of the chambers and valves

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2
Q

during exercise, why is blood flow towards apex of lung

A

increase the pressure of the system

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3
Q

thick blood has a higher

A

hematocrit and higher resistance to flow

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4
Q

how does the heart receive blood supply

A

coronary arteries

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5
Q

where does capacitance occur

A

veins and venules

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6
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

exchange of gases between air and blood

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7
Q

where is pressure located during diastolic pressure

A

arteries

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8
Q

expiration at exercise is

A

active

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9
Q

what does nitric oxide do

A

promotes smooth muscle relaxation which results in vasodilation and increased blood flow

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10
Q

when standing, why is most of the blood flow at the base of the lung

A

gravity

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11
Q

how do beta blockers work

A

compete with epinephrine and norepinephrine for beta andrenergic receptors in heart, reduce HR and contractility which lowers the myocardial oxygen demand

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12
Q

what happens to stroke volume during prolonged exercise

A

gradual decrease due to dehydration and reduced plasma volume

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13
Q

what are type 2 alveoli

A

release surfactant 3%

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14
Q

changes in HR and blood pressure during exercise depend on what

A

type, intensity, and duration of exercise., environmental condition, emotional influence

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15
Q

at rest, was part of the nervous system has more control over the heart

A

parasympathetic

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16
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

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17
Q

what is the most abundant protein in blood

A

albumin

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18
Q

what is the conducting zone

A

conducts air to respiratory zone, humidifies, warms and filters air

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19
Q

reasons for sudden cardiac death during exercise for kids and adolescents

A

genetic anomalies of coronary arteries, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis

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20
Q

what does cardiac output depend on

A

training state and gender

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21
Q

what happens to double product during incremental exercise

A

increases linearly with exercise intensity

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22
Q

what happens during expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes, ribs pulled downward, volume of lungs decrease, pressure increases and intrapulmonary pressure raised

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23
Q

what is the pressure like in the pulmonary circuit

A

lower but has same rate of flow as systemic circuit

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24
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, intercostals,diaphragm

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25
Q

where is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system

A

alveoli

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26
Q

beta blockers will lower HR during what type of exercise

A

submaximal and maximal

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27
Q

function of myocardium

A

provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers

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28
Q

what are the determinants of MAP

A

cardiac output and total vascular resistance

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29
Q

how does exercise reduce amount of myocardial damage from heart attack

A

improvements in heart’s antioxidant capacity, improve function of ATP-sensitive potassium channels

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30
Q

what is dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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31
Q

what is alveolar surfactant

A

reduces tension of alveoli to allow you to exchange more gas

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32
Q

what is cardioprotective

A

regular exercise, reduced incidence of heart attacks, improves survival from heart attack

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33
Q

average aortic blood pressure is also known as

A

afterload

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34
Q

what is pulmonary respiration

A

ventilation, exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs, happens in aveoli

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35
Q

where does exchange occur

A

capillaries

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36
Q

why is there a brief delay in the AV node

A

allow for ventricular filling, allow last little bit of blood to escape atria before ventricles contract

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37
Q

low resting HR is due to

A

parasympathetic tone

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38
Q

during exercise, is systole or diastole long or short

A

they both are short, but diastole decreases the most

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39
Q

what is daltons law

A

the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert independently, relationship between concentration and partial pressure

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40
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic

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41
Q

what is depolarization

A

electrical event that leads to contraction

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42
Q

when does 2-3DPG occur

A

only happens at altitude

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43
Q

what is ficks law of diffusion

A

the rate of gas transfer is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in the partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue, and inversely related to the thickness

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44
Q

purpose of the respiratory system during exercise

A

gas exchange between the environment and the body, regulation of acid-base balance during exercise

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45
Q

function of epicardium

A

serves as lubricative outer covering

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46
Q

how does secondary hypertension occur

A

result of some other disease process

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47
Q

what is a byproduct of RCB glycolysis

A

2-3 DPG

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48
Q

what is inotropic

A

contractility

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49
Q

what is the equation for MAP

A

DBP+ .33(systolic -diastolic)

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50
Q

what nerves allow sympathetic system to regulate HR

A

cardiac accelerator nerves

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51
Q

how to increase cardiac output during exercise

A

increase HR and increase SV

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52
Q

what nerve allows the parasympathetic system to regulate HR

A

vagus nerve

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53
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

O2 utilization and CO2 production by the tissue

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54
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiorespiratory system

A

transport O2 and nutrients to tissue, removal of CO2 wastes from tissues, regulation of body temp

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55
Q

what segment depression suggest myocardial ischemia

A

S-T segment

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56
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

fatty plaque that narrows the coronary arteries and reduces blood flow to myocardium

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57
Q

recover of HR and BP of intermittent exercise depend on

A

fitness level, temp and humidity, and duration and intensity of exercise

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58
Q

what happens in p wave

A

atrial depolarization

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59
Q

what are the risk factors of hypertension

A

left ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis and heart attack, kidney damage, stroke

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60
Q

COPD is associated with

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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61
Q

what is dead space ventilation

A

volume of air remaining in conducting airways

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62
Q

redistribution of blood depends on what

A

metabolic rate/ exercise intensity

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63
Q

what happens going from exercise to rest

A

decrease in HR, SV and cardiac output but depends on duration and intensity of exercise and training state of subject

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64
Q

why is the pressure less in arterioles than in heart

A

branches off causing less of a pressure demand by splitting into a bigger volume of area

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65
Q

what happens going from rest to exercise

A

rapid increase in HR, SV, cardiac output an there is a plateau in submaximal exercise

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66
Q

what happens in the T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

67
Q

what is vital capacity

A

maximal volume of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration

68
Q

what are type 1 alveoli

A

97% used for gas exchange

69
Q

what improves respiratory muscle endurance

A

increased oxidative capacity and reduce work of breathing

70
Q

venous return is increased by

A

venoconstriction, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

71
Q

at the tissues what is hemoglobin like

A

low PO2 which favors release of O2 to tissues

72
Q

what is residual volume

A

volume of gas remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

73
Q

at the lung what is hemoglobin like

A

High PO2 which favors formation of oxyhemoglobin

74
Q

what is alveolar ventiliaton

A

volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone

75
Q

when expiration is rest it is

A

passive

76
Q

pressure in proportional to what

A

the difference between MAP and the right atrial pressure

77
Q

what is involved with the conduction system of the heart

A

SA node, VA node, bundle branches and purkinje fibers

78
Q

what is forced expiratory volume

A

volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration

79
Q

what is the ventilation/ perfusion ratio for

A

indicates matching of blow flow to ventilation

80
Q

how does the parasympathetic system regulate HR

A

slows HR by inhibiting SA and AV node

81
Q

what determines the direction of losing or gaining O2 to hemoglobin

A

PO2 of blood, and affinity between Hb and O2

82
Q

what is the central command theory

A

initial signal to drive cardiovascular system comes from higher brain centers due to centrally generated motor signals

83
Q

inspiration is always

A

active

84
Q

what are the organs involved with the respiratory system

A

nose and nasal cavities, pharynx and larynx, trachea and bronchial tree, lungs with alveoli

85
Q

is there a plateau in SV for highly trained subjects

A

no

86
Q

what are two reasonsO2 uptake is increased

A

rate of inspiration goes up and goes from active to passive

87
Q

what is mean arterial pressure

A

average pressure in arteries

88
Q

effect of pH on hemoglobin

A

decrease pH leads to lowering affinity Hb-O2

rightward shift, favors offloading

89
Q

what pressure number does it take to open the valves up

A

120 mmHg

90
Q

the heart wall contains

A

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

91
Q

you can enhance the strength of the ventricular contraction (contractility) by

A

circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine, direct sympathetic stimulation of heart

92
Q

reasons for sudden cardiac death during exercise for adults

A

coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy

93
Q

what happens to blood pressure during incremental exercise

A

MAP increases linearly, systolic increases linearly, diastolic remains constant

94
Q

muscles of expiration

A

internal intercostals, external and internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis

95
Q

airflow depends on

A

pressure difference between two ends of airway, resistance of airways

96
Q

what is the equation of double product

A

HR x systolic BP

97
Q

what is a myocardial infarction

A

blockage in coronary blood flow resulting in cell damage

98
Q

what is breathing frequency

A

number of breaths per minute

99
Q

what are the two major adjustments of blood flow during exercise

A

increased cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow

100
Q

what is chronotropic

A

heart rate

101
Q

what happens to HR during prolonged exercise

A

gradual increase which causes cardiovascular drift due to losses of plasma volume

102
Q

what is the intrapleural pressure like compared to atmospheric

A

lower which prevents collapse of alveoli

103
Q

hemoglobin is diffused in what portion of the blood

A

plasma

104
Q

what are the sources of vascular resistance

A

MAP decreases throughout the systemic circulation, largest drop occurs across the arterioles

105
Q

the circulatory system works with what other system

A

respiratory

106
Q

what are the functions of the lung

A

means of gas exchange between the external environment and the body, ventilation, and diffusion

107
Q

blood flow is directly proportional to what

A

the pressure difference between the two ends of the system

108
Q

what is double product

A

indicates the work of the heart

109
Q

what is tidal volume

A

amount of air moved per breath 500 ml

110
Q

at rest, which is longer diastole or systole

A

diastole

111
Q

how do we redistribute blood flow

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation creating a pressure

112
Q

if your BP increases what happens to SNS activity

A

decreases

113
Q

what is ventilation

A

mechanical process of moving air into and out of lungs

114
Q

what is the importance of nitric oxide

A

autoregulation, blood flow regulation during exercise

115
Q

what is the average aortic blood pressure

A

pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood

116
Q

function of albumin

A

transport fatty acids in blood

117
Q

during incremental exercise what happens to HR and cardiac output

A

increases linearly with increasing work rate, reaches plateau at 100% VO2 max

118
Q

what is the V/Q of the apex of the lung

A

underperfused

> 1.0

119
Q

why is there an increase in HR at onset of exercise

A

initial increase due to parasympathetic withdrawal, later increase due to SNS stimulation

120
Q

how much greater is oxygen demand by muscles during exercise than at rest

A

15 to 25x

121
Q

resistance in blood flow depends on what

A

length of vessel, viscosity of blood, and radius of vessel

122
Q

what is diastole

A

relaxation phase, filling with blood

123
Q

what is the V/Q of the base of the lung

A

over perfused

< 1.0

124
Q

what protects heart from MI

A

exercise training, cardio protection

125
Q

what is systole

A

contraction phase, ejection of blood

126
Q

what are the components of the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs

127
Q

long term regulation of arterial blood pressure

A

kidneys, control blood volume and control fluid volume in body

128
Q

contraction of the heart depends on what

A

electrical stimulation of the myocardium

129
Q

what is the end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

130
Q

why is gender a factor in cardiac output

A

heart of male is large due to levels of testosterone

131
Q

what are the cells in blood

A

RBC, WBC, and platelets

132
Q

why does SV not plateau in trained subjects

A

improved ventricular filling, enhanced skeletal pump, venous constriction and enhanced venous return, increased respiratory pump, increase EDV and SV at high HR

133
Q

why is the arm exercise more intense than leg

A

increase HR due to higher sympathetic stimulation, higher BP due to vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass, resistance to flow in arm is higher than in legs

134
Q

EDV also known as

A

preload

135
Q

what happens to V/Q during exercise

A

light exercise improves ratio, heavy exercise results in inequality

136
Q

why is there a plateau in SV for untrained people

A

at high HR, filling time is decreased and decrease in EDV and V

137
Q

where is nitric oxide produced

A

endothelium or arterioles

138
Q

how does the sympathetic system regulate HR

A

increases HR by stimulating SA and AV node, increase rate and contractility via increase calcium release

139
Q

what is an ECG

A

records the electrical activity of the heart

140
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

141
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

q= HR x SV

142
Q

what is spirometry

A

measurement of pulmonary volumes and rate of expired airflow

143
Q

what is in plasma

A

contains ions, proteins, and hormones

144
Q

what are the spaces of lungs

A

visceral pleura (outer surface), parietal pleura (lines thoracic wall), intrapleural space

145
Q

what is hematocrit

A

percentage of blood composed of cells

146
Q

why does heart maintain O2 level during rest and exercise

A

the heart is a highly oxidative organ and would die if it lost O2

147
Q

during prolong exercise what happens to cardiac output

A

maintained

148
Q

what is the short term regulation of MAP

A

sympathetic nervous system, baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries

149
Q

blood flow is inversely proportional to what

A

resistance

150
Q

what happens in the QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

151
Q

what is the pressure like during diastole

A

pressure in ventricle is low, filling with blood from atria

152
Q

what is the major muscle of inspiration

A

diaphragm

153
Q

effect of temp on hemoglobin

A

increase blood temp lowers Hb-O2 affinity, rightward shift

154
Q

what are the components of the conducting zone

A

trachea, bronchial tree, bronchioles

155
Q

the first sound in heart beat is

A

closing of the av valves

156
Q

where does the feedback come from in the central command theory

A

heart mechanoreceptors, muscle chemoreceptors, muscle mechanoreceptors, and baroreceptors

157
Q

the second sound in heart beat is

A

closing of aortic and pulmonary valves

158
Q

what do you find in blood

A

plasma, cells

159
Q

what is vital capacity

A

maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

160
Q

what happens in inspiration

A

diaphragm pushes downward, ribs lift outward, volume of lungs increases, pressure decreased, intrapulmonary pressure lowered

161
Q

increased O2 delivery during exercise is accomplished by

A

increased cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow

162
Q

what is stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected in each beat

163
Q

what is the pressure is like during systole

A

pressure in ventricles rises, blood ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation

Physiology of Exercise (4 decks)

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