Test One Flashcards
1
Q
where does the IV go
A
x axis
2
Q
where does the DV go
A
y axis
3
Q
what is homeostasis
A
the maintenance of a constant and “normal” internal environment
4
Q
what is a steady state
A
consistancy
balance between demands placed on body and the bodys response to those demands
5
Q
what are examples of steady state
A
98.6 f
120/90
6
Q
what on a graph represents a steady state
A
plateau
7
Q
how fast can you reach a steady state for heart and breathing rate
A
about 2 to 3 min
8
Q
what are some examples the intracellular controls systems
A
protein breakdown and synthesis, energy production, maintenance of stored nutrients
9
Q
what organ systems show control systems of the body
A
pulmonary and circulatory
10
Q
what system has the largest gain
A
aerobic
11
Q
what is a biological control system
A
series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value
12
Q
what are the components of a biological control system
A
sensor or receptor, control center, and effector
13
Q
what does the sensor or receptor do in the biological control system
A
detects changes in variable
14
Q
what does the control center do in the biological control system
A
assesses input and initiates response
15
Q
what does the effector do in the biological control system
A
changes internal environment back to normal
16
Q
what is negative feedback
A
response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis
17
Q
what feedback loop do most control systems use
A
negative
18
Q
what is positive feedback
A
response increases the original stimulus
19
Q
how to increase gain of system
A
training
20
Q
what is gain of a control system
A
degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis
21
Q
system with large gain is more capable of…
A
maintaining homeostasis than systems with low gain
22
Q
what systems have large gains
A
pulmonary and cardiovascular
23
Q
what are some examples of homeostatic control
A
regulation of body temp and regulation of blood glucose
24
Q
what happens in a failure of any component of a control system
A
results in a disturbance of homeostasis.
25
how does exercise disrupt homeostasis
changes in pH, O2, CO2, and temperature
26
what type of environment are control systems are capable of maintaining steady state during submaximal exercise
cool environment
27
what is adaptation
change in structure or friction of cell or organ system, results in improved ability to maintain homeostasis
28
what is acclimatization
adaptation to environmental stress
29
what is cell signaling
communication between cells using chemical messengers
30
what are the different types of cell signaling mechanisms
intracrine, juxtacrine, autocrine, paracrine and endocrine
31
what is intracrine signaling
chemical messenger inside cell triggers response
32
what is juxtacrine signaling
chemical messenger passed between two connected cells
33
what is autocrine signaling
chemical messenger acts on that same cell
34
what is paracrine signaling
chemical messengers act on nearby cells
35
what is endocrine signaling
chemical messengers released into blood
36
what do cells synthesize when homeostasis is disrupted
stress proteins
37
what are some the stresses that disrupt cells
high temp, low ATP, abnormal pH, alterations in cell calcium, protein damage by free radicals
38
what specific thing induces stress proteins
exercise
39
what type of proteins repair damaged proteins in a cell
heat shock proteins
40
what improves ability of cells to maintain homeostasis
exercise induced protein synthesis
41
what exercise promotes different cell signaling pathways
resistance and endurance, muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis
42
what is metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
43
what type of reactions are in metabolism
anabolic and catabolic
44
what is bioenergetics
converting foodstuffs into energy
45
what is the function of the cell membrane
semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment
46
what is the function of the nucleus
contains genes that regulate protein synthesis
47
what is the function of the cytoplasm
fluid port of cell that contains organelles
48
what type of cycles are in the mitochondria
aerobic, krebs and ETC, and beta oxidation
49
what is the cytoplasm in the muscle
sarcoplasma
50
what are the three major cell structures
cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
51
what regulates protein synthesis within the cell
genes
52
what is molecular biology
study of molecular structures and events underlying biological processes.
53
exercise trainings results in modifications of
protein synthesis
54
what provides tools for understanding the cellular response to exercise
molecular biology
55
what is endergonic reaction
require energy to be added, endothermic
56
what is an exergonic reaction
release energy, exothermic
57
what are coupled reatction
liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction
58
why are exergonic bigger
always factor in that energy is lost in heat
59
oxidation is
removing electron, loss of hydrogen
60
reduction is
addition of electron, gain of hydrogen
61
what is an example of a coupled reaction
oxidation and reduction
62
reduced molecule has what
H+ attached to it
63
what is NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
64
where is NAD derived from
Niacin (B3)
65
what is FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide
66
where is FAD derived from
riboflavin (B2)
67
what is the purpose of a catalyst
lower the energy of activation
68
what is activation energy
the energy required to initiate a reaction
69
what are the factors that regulate enzyme activity
temperature and pH
70
why do we need an activation energy
enzyme would run all the time if there was none
71
purpose of lock and key
specific enzyme meant for specific substrate
72
what do damaged release in blood
enzymes
73
what may indicate myocardial infarction in the blood
elevated lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase
74
function of kinase
add a phosphate group
75
function of dehydrogenase
remove hydrogen atoms
76
function of oxidases
catalyze oxidation reduction reactions involving oxygen
77
function of isomerases
rearrangement of the structure of molecules
78
does pH reduce or increase enzyme activity
reduce
79
catalysts regulate what of chemical reactions
the speed
80
enzymes are classified into categories based upon...
the type of reaction that the enzyme performs
81
is glycogen a mono or polysaccharide
poly
82
why are branches necessary for glycogen
help get through the glucose faster and obtain energy faster
83
where is glucose stored
muscle and liver
84
what synthesis the storage of glucose
glycogen synthase
85
what is glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
86
what enzyme is used in glycogenolysis
glycogen phosphorylase
87
what is the primary type of fat used by the muscle
fatty acids
88
what type of fat is stored in muscle and adipose tissue
triglycerides
89
what is lypolysis
breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
90
what enzyme is used in lypolysis
lipase
91
steroids are derived from
cholesterol
92
how can protein be converted to glucose in the liver
gluconeogenesis
93
what are the steps in gluconeogenesis
alanine-pyruvate-glucose
94
is protein a primary energy source during exercise
no
95
can protein be used to contribute as fuel in muscle
yes, need protein to repair
96
the use of protein as energy source requires that cellular proteins be...
broken down into amino acids
97
what is ATP made up of
nucleoside base, ribose, phosphate
98
the synthesis of ATP uses what enzyme
ATP synthase
99
the breakdown of ATP uses what enzyme
ATPase
100
what bond has the highest amount of energy in ATP
the furthest from the sugar
101
what are the three ways for ATP formation
PC breakdown, degradation of glucose and glycogen to lactate, oxidative formation of ATP
102
what are the two types of anaerobic pathways
pc breakdown and glycolysis
103
what type of phosphorylation occurs in anaerobic pathways
substrate level
104
what type of phosphorylation occurs in aerobic pathways
oxidative phosphorylation
105
what pathway is an immediate source of ATP
ATP- PC system
| ADP + PC- ATP + C
106
what enzyme is used for ATP-PC system
creatine kinase
107
how many carbons are in pyruvic acid and lactic acid
3
108
what is the net total of ATP used after energy investment phase of glycolysis
2 ATP from glucose and 1 ATP from glycogen
109
what are the products from the energy generation phase of glycolysis
4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate
110
depletion of PC may limit what
short term, high intensity exercise
111
what does creatine monohydrate supplementation do
increase muscle PC stores to have more energy to do more work
112
what is the purpose of NADH AND FADH2
transport H+ and e- to mitochondria for ATP generation and/or convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid.
113
what happens with fat and the krebs cycle
produce more Acetyl Co-a to go through cycle a lot
114
purpose of krebs cycle
to reduce NAD and FAD that will eventually be used to perform oxidative phosphorylation
115
what is beta oxidation
fatty acids converted to acetyl co-a
116
what is not an important muscle fuel from fat during exercise
glycerol
117
what is protein converted to for in aerobic exercise
glucose, pyruvic acid, acteyl co-a, and krebs cycle intermediates
118
what is the chemiosmotic hypothesis
the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient
119
who the final electron acceptor
1/2 O2 to form water
120
how is ATP formed in ETC
energy released when H+ diffuse back across the membrane from the ATP synthase
121
where does beta oxidation occur
mitochondria
122
how are free radicals formed
produced by the passage of electrons along the ETC
123
what type of exercise promotes the production of free radicals in the mitochondria
aerobic exercise
124
how many H+ must pass through the H+ channels to produce 1 ATP
3 H+
125
how many H+ needed to move ATP across the mitochondrial membrane
1 H+
126
one mole of ATP has an energy yield of
7.3 kcal
127
what are rate limiting enzymes
an enzyme that regulates the rate of metabolic pathway
128
what are some modulators of rate limiting enzymes
levels of ATP and ADP, calcium may stimulate aerobic ATP productoin
129
the rate limiting enzyme is usually
the area with the biggest energy activation
130
rate limiting enzyme for ATP-PC
creatine kinase
131
stimulator for ATP-PC
ADP
132
inhibitor for ATP-PC
ATP
133
rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis
phosphofructokinase
134
stimulator for glycolysis
AMP, ADP, Pi, increase pH
135
inhibitor for glycolysis
ATP, CP, citrate, low pH
136
rate limiting enzyme for krebs
isocitrate dehydrogenase
137
stimulator for krebs
ADP, Ca+, NAD
138
inhibitor for krebs
ATP, NADH
139
rate limiting enzyme for ETC
cytochrome oxidase
140
stimulator for ETC
ADP
141
inhibitor for ETC
ATP
142
short term, high intensity acitivities use what
greater contribution of anaerobic energy systems
143
long term, low to mod intensity exercises use what
majority of ATP from aerobic sources
144
what are the rest to exercise transitions
ATP production increases, oxygen uptake increases rapidly, ATP production through anaerobic pathways, oxygen deficit
