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Physiology of Exercise > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

where does the IV go

A

x axis

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2
Q

where does the DV go

A

y axis

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3
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant and “normal” internal environment

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4
Q

what is a steady state

A

consistancy

balance between demands placed on body and the bodys response to those demands

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5
Q

what are examples of steady state

A

98.6 f

120/90

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6
Q

what on a graph represents a steady state

A

plateau

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7
Q

how fast can you reach a steady state for heart and breathing rate

A

about 2 to 3 min

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8
Q

what are some examples the intracellular controls systems

A

protein breakdown and synthesis, energy production, maintenance of stored nutrients

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9
Q

what organ systems show control systems of the body

A

pulmonary and circulatory

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10
Q

what system has the largest gain

A

aerobic

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11
Q

what is a biological control system

A

series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value

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12
Q

what are the components of a biological control system

A

sensor or receptor, control center, and effector

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13
Q

what does the sensor or receptor do in the biological control system

A

detects changes in variable

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14
Q

what does the control center do in the biological control system

A

assesses input and initiates response

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15
Q

what does the effector do in the biological control system

A

changes internal environment back to normal

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16
Q

what is negative feedback

A

response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis

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17
Q

what feedback loop do most control systems use

A

negative

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18
Q

what is positive feedback

A

response increases the original stimulus

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19
Q

how to increase gain of system

A

training

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20
Q

what is gain of a control system

A

degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis

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21
Q

system with large gain is more capable of…

A

maintaining homeostasis than systems with low gain

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22
Q

what systems have large gains

A

pulmonary and cardiovascular

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23
Q

what are some examples of homeostatic control

A

regulation of body temp and regulation of blood glucose

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24
Q

what happens in a failure of any component of a control system

A

results in a disturbance of homeostasis.

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25
Q

how does exercise disrupt homeostasis

A

changes in pH, O2, CO2, and temperature

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26
Q

what type of environment are control systems are capable of maintaining steady state during submaximal exercise

A

cool environment

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27
Q

what is adaptation

A

change in structure or friction of cell or organ system, results in improved ability to maintain homeostasis

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28
Q

what is acclimatization

A

adaptation to environmental stress

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29
Q

what is cell signaling

A

communication between cells using chemical messengers

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30
Q

what are the different types of cell signaling mechanisms

A

intracrine, juxtacrine, autocrine, paracrine and endocrine

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31
Q

what is intracrine signaling

A

chemical messenger inside cell triggers response

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32
Q

what is juxtacrine signaling

A

chemical messenger passed between two connected cells

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33
Q

what is autocrine signaling

A

chemical messenger acts on that same cell

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34
Q

what is paracrine signaling

A

chemical messengers act on nearby cells

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35
Q

what is endocrine signaling

A

chemical messengers released into blood

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36
Q

what do cells synthesize when homeostasis is disrupted

A

stress proteins

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37
Q

what are some the stresses that disrupt cells

A

high temp, low ATP, abnormal pH, alterations in cell calcium, protein damage by free radicals

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38
Q

what specific thing induces stress proteins

A

exercise

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39
Q

what type of proteins repair damaged proteins in a cell

A

heat shock proteins

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40
Q

what improves ability of cells to maintain homeostasis

A

exercise induced protein synthesis

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41
Q

what exercise promotes different cell signaling pathways

A

resistance and endurance, muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis

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42
Q

what is metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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43
Q

what type of reactions are in metabolism

A

anabolic and catabolic

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44
Q

what is bioenergetics

A

converting foodstuffs into energy

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45
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment

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46
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

contains genes that regulate protein synthesis

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47
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm

A

fluid port of cell that contains organelles

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48
Q

what type of cycles are in the mitochondria

A

aerobic, krebs and ETC, and beta oxidation

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49
Q

what is the cytoplasm in the muscle

A

sarcoplasma

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50
Q

what are the three major cell structures

A

cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

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51
Q

what regulates protein synthesis within the cell

A

genes

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52
Q

what is molecular biology

A

study of molecular structures and events underlying biological processes.

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53
Q

exercise trainings results in modifications of

A

protein synthesis

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54
Q

what provides tools for understanding the cellular response to exercise

A

molecular biology

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55
Q

what is endergonic reaction

A

require energy to be added, endothermic

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56
Q

what is an exergonic reaction

A

release energy, exothermic

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57
Q

what are coupled reatction

A

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

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58
Q

why are exergonic bigger

A

always factor in that energy is lost in heat

59
Q

oxidation is

A

removing electron, loss of hydrogen

60
Q

reduction is

A

addition of electron, gain of hydrogen

61
Q

what is an example of a coupled reaction

A

oxidation and reduction

62
Q

reduced molecule has what

A

H+ attached to it

63
Q

what is NAD

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

64
Q

where is NAD derived from

A

Niacin (B3)

65
Q

what is FAD

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

66
Q

where is FAD derived from

A

riboflavin (B2)

67
Q

what is the purpose of a catalyst

A

lower the energy of activation

68
Q

what is activation energy

A

the energy required to initiate a reaction

69
Q

what are the factors that regulate enzyme activity

A

temperature and pH

70
Q

why do we need an activation energy

A

enzyme would run all the time if there was none

71
Q

purpose of lock and key

A

specific enzyme meant for specific substrate

72
Q

what do damaged release in blood

A

enzymes

73
Q

what may indicate myocardial infarction in the blood

A

elevated lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase

74
Q

function of kinase

A

add a phosphate group

75
Q

function of dehydrogenase

A

remove hydrogen atoms

76
Q

function of oxidases

A

catalyze oxidation reduction reactions involving oxygen

77
Q

function of isomerases

A

rearrangement of the structure of molecules

78
Q

does pH reduce or increase enzyme activity

A

reduce

79
Q

catalysts regulate what of chemical reactions

A

the speed

80
Q

enzymes are classified into categories based upon…

A

the type of reaction that the enzyme performs

81
Q

is glycogen a mono or polysaccharide

A

poly

82
Q

why are branches necessary for glycogen

A

help get through the glucose faster and obtain energy faster

83
Q

where is glucose stored

A

muscle and liver

84
Q

what synthesis the storage of glucose

A

glycogen synthase

85
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

86
Q

what enzyme is used in glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

87
Q

what is the primary type of fat used by the muscle

A

fatty acids

88
Q

what type of fat is stored in muscle and adipose tissue

A

triglycerides

89
Q

what is lypolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

90
Q

what enzyme is used in lypolysis

A

lipase

91
Q

steroids are derived from

A

cholesterol

92
Q

how can protein be converted to glucose in the liver

A

gluconeogenesis

93
Q

what are the steps in gluconeogenesis

A

alanine-pyruvate-glucose

94
Q

is protein a primary energy source during exercise

A

no

95
Q

can protein be used to contribute as fuel in muscle

A

yes, need protein to repair

96
Q

the use of protein as energy source requires that cellular proteins be…

A

broken down into amino acids

97
Q

what is ATP made up of

A

nucleoside base, ribose, phosphate

98
Q

the synthesis of ATP uses what enzyme

A

ATP synthase

99
Q

the breakdown of ATP uses what enzyme

A

ATPase

100
Q

what bond has the highest amount of energy in ATP

A

the furthest from the sugar

101
Q

what are the three ways for ATP formation

A

PC breakdown, degradation of glucose and glycogen to lactate, oxidative formation of ATP

102
Q

what are the two types of anaerobic pathways

A

pc breakdown and glycolysis

103
Q

what type of phosphorylation occurs in anaerobic pathways

A

substrate level

104
Q

what type of phosphorylation occurs in aerobic pathways

A

oxidative phosphorylation

105
Q

what pathway is an immediate source of ATP

A

ATP- PC system

ADP + PC- ATP + C

106
Q

what enzyme is used for ATP-PC system

A

creatine kinase

107
Q

how many carbons are in pyruvic acid and lactic acid

A

3

108
Q

what is the net total of ATP used after energy investment phase of glycolysis

A

2 ATP from glucose and 1 ATP from glycogen

109
Q

what are the products from the energy generation phase of glycolysis

A

4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate

110
Q

depletion of PC may limit what

A

short term, high intensity exercise

111
Q

what does creatine monohydrate supplementation do

A

increase muscle PC stores to have more energy to do more work

112
Q

what is the purpose of NADH AND FADH2

A

transport H+ and e- to mitochondria for ATP generation and/or convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid.

113
Q

what happens with fat and the krebs cycle

A

produce more Acetyl Co-a to go through cycle a lot

114
Q

purpose of krebs cycle

A

to reduce NAD and FAD that will eventually be used to perform oxidative phosphorylation

115
Q

what is beta oxidation

A

fatty acids converted to acetyl co-a

116
Q

what is not an important muscle fuel from fat during exercise

A

glycerol

117
Q

what is protein converted to for in aerobic exercise

A

glucose, pyruvic acid, acteyl co-a, and krebs cycle intermediates

118
Q

what is the chemiosmotic hypothesis

A

the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient

119
Q

who the final electron acceptor

A

1/2 O2 to form water

120
Q

how is ATP formed in ETC

A

energy released when H+ diffuse back across the membrane from the ATP synthase

121
Q

where does beta oxidation occur

A

mitochondria

122
Q

how are free radicals formed

A

produced by the passage of electrons along the ETC

123
Q

what type of exercise promotes the production of free radicals in the mitochondria

A

aerobic exercise

124
Q

how many H+ must pass through the H+ channels to produce 1 ATP

A

3 H+

125
Q

how many H+ needed to move ATP across the mitochondrial membrane

A

1 H+

126
Q

one mole of ATP has an energy yield of

A

7.3 kcal

127
Q

what are rate limiting enzymes

A

an enzyme that regulates the rate of metabolic pathway

128
Q

what are some modulators of rate limiting enzymes

A

levels of ATP and ADP, calcium may stimulate aerobic ATP productoin

129
Q

the rate limiting enzyme is usually

A

the area with the biggest energy activation

130
Q

rate limiting enzyme for ATP-PC

A

creatine kinase

131
Q

stimulator for ATP-PC

A

ADP

132
Q

inhibitor for ATP-PC

A

ATP

133
Q

rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase

134
Q

stimulator for glycolysis

A

AMP, ADP, Pi, increase pH

135
Q

inhibitor for glycolysis

A

ATP, CP, citrate, low pH

136
Q

rate limiting enzyme for krebs

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

137
Q

stimulator for krebs

A

ADP, Ca+, NAD

138
Q

inhibitor for krebs

A

ATP, NADH

139
Q

rate limiting enzyme for ETC

A

cytochrome oxidase

140
Q

stimulator for ETC

A

ADP

141
Q

inhibitor for ETC

A

ATP

142
Q

short term, high intensity acitivities use what

A

greater contribution of anaerobic energy systems

143
Q

long term, low to mod intensity exercises use what

A

majority of ATP from aerobic sources

144
Q

what are the rest to exercise transitions

A

ATP production increases, oxygen uptake increases rapidly, ATP production through anaerobic pathways, oxygen deficit

Physiology of Exercise (4 decks)

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