Test One Flashcards
where does the IV go
x axis
where does the DV go
y axis
what is homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant and “normal” internal environment
what is a steady state
consistancy
balance between demands placed on body and the bodys response to those demands
what are examples of steady state
98.6 f
120/90
what on a graph represents a steady state
plateau
how fast can you reach a steady state for heart and breathing rate
about 2 to 3 min
what are some examples the intracellular controls systems
protein breakdown and synthesis, energy production, maintenance of stored nutrients
what organ systems show control systems of the body
pulmonary and circulatory
what system has the largest gain
aerobic
what is a biological control system
series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value
what are the components of a biological control system
sensor or receptor, control center, and effector
what does the sensor or receptor do in the biological control system
detects changes in variable
what does the control center do in the biological control system
assesses input and initiates response
what does the effector do in the biological control system
changes internal environment back to normal
what is negative feedback
response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis
what feedback loop do most control systems use
negative
what is positive feedback
response increases the original stimulus
how to increase gain of system
training
what is gain of a control system
degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis
system with large gain is more capable of…
maintaining homeostasis than systems with low gain
what systems have large gains
pulmonary and cardiovascular
what are some examples of homeostatic control
regulation of body temp and regulation of blood glucose
what happens in a failure of any component of a control system
results in a disturbance of homeostasis.
how does exercise disrupt homeostasis
changes in pH, O2, CO2, and temperature
what type of environment are control systems are capable of maintaining steady state during submaximal exercise
cool environment
what is adaptation
change in structure or friction of cell or organ system, results in improved ability to maintain homeostasis
what is acclimatization
adaptation to environmental stress
what is cell signaling
communication between cells using chemical messengers
what are the different types of cell signaling mechanisms
intracrine, juxtacrine, autocrine, paracrine and endocrine
what is intracrine signaling
chemical messenger inside cell triggers response
what is juxtacrine signaling
chemical messenger passed between two connected cells
what is autocrine signaling
chemical messenger acts on that same cell
what is paracrine signaling
chemical messengers act on nearby cells
what is endocrine signaling
chemical messengers released into blood
what do cells synthesize when homeostasis is disrupted
stress proteins
what are some the stresses that disrupt cells
high temp, low ATP, abnormal pH, alterations in cell calcium, protein damage by free radicals
what specific thing induces stress proteins
exercise
what type of proteins repair damaged proteins in a cell
heat shock proteins
what improves ability of cells to maintain homeostasis
exercise induced protein synthesis
what exercise promotes different cell signaling pathways
resistance and endurance, muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis
what is metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
what type of reactions are in metabolism
anabolic and catabolic
what is bioenergetics
converting foodstuffs into energy
what is the function of the cell membrane
semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment
what is the function of the nucleus
contains genes that regulate protein synthesis
what is the function of the cytoplasm
fluid port of cell that contains organelles
what type of cycles are in the mitochondria
aerobic, krebs and ETC, and beta oxidation
what is the cytoplasm in the muscle
sarcoplasma
what are the three major cell structures
cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
what regulates protein synthesis within the cell
genes
what is molecular biology
study of molecular structures and events underlying biological processes.
exercise trainings results in modifications of
protein synthesis
what provides tools for understanding the cellular response to exercise
molecular biology
what is endergonic reaction
require energy to be added, endothermic
what is an exergonic reaction
release energy, exothermic
what are coupled reatction
liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction
why are exergonic bigger
always factor in that energy is lost in heat
oxidation is
removing electron, loss of hydrogen
reduction is
addition of electron, gain of hydrogen
what is an example of a coupled reaction
oxidation and reduction
reduced molecule has what
H+ attached to it
what is NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
where is NAD derived from
Niacin (B3)
what is FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide
where is FAD derived from
riboflavin (B2)
what is the purpose of a catalyst
lower the energy of activation
what is activation energy
the energy required to initiate a reaction
what are the factors that regulate enzyme activity
temperature and pH
why do we need an activation energy
enzyme would run all the time if there was none
purpose of lock and key
specific enzyme meant for specific substrate
what do damaged release in blood
enzymes
what may indicate myocardial infarction in the blood
elevated lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase
function of kinase
add a phosphate group
function of dehydrogenase
remove hydrogen atoms
function of oxidases
catalyze oxidation reduction reactions involving oxygen
function of isomerases
rearrangement of the structure of molecules
does pH reduce or increase enzyme activity
reduce
catalysts regulate what of chemical reactions
the speed
enzymes are classified into categories based upon…
the type of reaction that the enzyme performs
is glycogen a mono or polysaccharide
poly
why are branches necessary for glycogen
help get through the glucose faster and obtain energy faster
where is glucose stored
muscle and liver
what synthesis the storage of glucose
glycogen synthase
what is glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
what enzyme is used in glycogenolysis
glycogen phosphorylase
what is the primary type of fat used by the muscle
fatty acids
what type of fat is stored in muscle and adipose tissue
triglycerides
what is lypolysis
breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
what enzyme is used in lypolysis
lipase
steroids are derived from
cholesterol
how can protein be converted to glucose in the liver
gluconeogenesis
what are the steps in gluconeogenesis
alanine-pyruvate-glucose
is protein a primary energy source during exercise
no
can protein be used to contribute as fuel in muscle
yes, need protein to repair
the use of protein as energy source requires that cellular proteins be…
broken down into amino acids
what is ATP made up of
nucleoside base, ribose, phosphate
the synthesis of ATP uses what enzyme
ATP synthase
the breakdown of ATP uses what enzyme
ATPase
what bond has the highest amount of energy in ATP
the furthest from the sugar
what are the three ways for ATP formation
PC breakdown, degradation of glucose and glycogen to lactate, oxidative formation of ATP
what are the two types of anaerobic pathways
pc breakdown and glycolysis
what type of phosphorylation occurs in anaerobic pathways
substrate level
what type of phosphorylation occurs in aerobic pathways
oxidative phosphorylation
what pathway is an immediate source of ATP
ATP- PC system
ADP + PC- ATP + C
what enzyme is used for ATP-PC system
creatine kinase
how many carbons are in pyruvic acid and lactic acid
3
what is the net total of ATP used after energy investment phase of glycolysis
2 ATP from glucose and 1 ATP from glycogen
what are the products from the energy generation phase of glycolysis
4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate
depletion of PC may limit what
short term, high intensity exercise
what does creatine monohydrate supplementation do
increase muscle PC stores to have more energy to do more work
what is the purpose of NADH AND FADH2
transport H+ and e- to mitochondria for ATP generation and/or convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid.
what happens with fat and the krebs cycle
produce more Acetyl Co-a to go through cycle a lot
purpose of krebs cycle
to reduce NAD and FAD that will eventually be used to perform oxidative phosphorylation
what is beta oxidation
fatty acids converted to acetyl co-a
what is not an important muscle fuel from fat during exercise
glycerol
what is protein converted to for in aerobic exercise
glucose, pyruvic acid, acteyl co-a, and krebs cycle intermediates
what is the chemiosmotic hypothesis
the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient
who the final electron acceptor
1/2 O2 to form water
how is ATP formed in ETC
energy released when H+ diffuse back across the membrane from the ATP synthase
where does beta oxidation occur
mitochondria
how are free radicals formed
produced by the passage of electrons along the ETC
what type of exercise promotes the production of free radicals in the mitochondria
aerobic exercise
how many H+ must pass through the H+ channels to produce 1 ATP
3 H+
how many H+ needed to move ATP across the mitochondrial membrane
1 H+
one mole of ATP has an energy yield of
7.3 kcal
what are rate limiting enzymes
an enzyme that regulates the rate of metabolic pathway
what are some modulators of rate limiting enzymes
levels of ATP and ADP, calcium may stimulate aerobic ATP productoin
the rate limiting enzyme is usually
the area with the biggest energy activation
rate limiting enzyme for ATP-PC
creatine kinase
stimulator for ATP-PC
ADP
inhibitor for ATP-PC
ATP
rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis
phosphofructokinase
stimulator for glycolysis
AMP, ADP, Pi, increase pH
inhibitor for glycolysis
ATP, CP, citrate, low pH
rate limiting enzyme for krebs
isocitrate dehydrogenase
stimulator for krebs
ADP, Ca+, NAD
inhibitor for krebs
ATP, NADH
rate limiting enzyme for ETC
cytochrome oxidase
stimulator for ETC
ADP
inhibitor for ETC
ATP
short term, high intensity acitivities use what
greater contribution of anaerobic energy systems
long term, low to mod intensity exercises use what
majority of ATP from aerobic sources
what are the rest to exercise transitions
ATP production increases, oxygen uptake increases rapidly, ATP production through anaerobic pathways, oxygen deficit
