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Physiology of Exercise > Test Three > Flashcards

Test Three Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of postsynaptic neuron

A

carries out action, direct link to effector

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2
Q

receptors are capable of sensing what

A

touch, pain, temp and chemical stimuli

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3
Q

what causes the depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

A

neurotransmitter

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4
Q

where is the vestibular apparatus located

A

in the inner ear

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5
Q

what is negative contraction

A

tension going opposite direction of where muscle is going

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6
Q

efferent division is made up of

A

somatic and autonomic motor

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7
Q

when is max velocity greatest

A

at lowest force

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8
Q

what is irritability is neurons

A

ability to respond to stimulus and convert it to a neural impulse, respond to action

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9
Q

slow twitch and action potential

A

slow for myosin to attach to actin, slow from when signal arrive to force is longer

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10
Q

function of endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers

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11
Q

what are cross bridges

A

myosin attaching to actin

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12
Q

what is extensor

A

increase joint angles

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13
Q

what are free nerve endings

A

sensitive to touch and pressure, initially strongly stimulated then becomes adapted

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14
Q

after stimulation in parasympathetic division what happens to ACh

A

degraded by acetylcholinesterase

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15
Q

function of external lamina

A

just below endomysium

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16
Q

force generation in muscle depends on

A

types and number of motor units recruited, initial muscle length, and nature of the neural stimulation of motor units

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17
Q

how does the potential membrane resets

A

with the sodium potassium pump

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18
Q

what maintains resting membrane potential

A

sodium potassium pump

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19
Q

anatomy of transverse tubules

A

extend from sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

if we arent using muscle what is happening with signal

A

muscle not producing signal for protein synthesis and reduces stimuli

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21
Q

what are the fiber types of endurance athletes

A

high % of slow fibers

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22
Q

what is the motor end plate

A

pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma

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23
Q

what does IPSP cause

A

hyperpolarization

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24
Q

the somatic nervous system controls what

A

skeletal muscle

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25
Q

what is conductivity in neurons

A

transmission of the impulse along the axon

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26
Q

what is another way to control of the internal environment besides nervous system

A

endocrine system

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27
Q

what must happen first for the cascade of events for muscle contraction to occur

A

nerve signal

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28
Q

what are the chemical that muscle chemoreceptors are sensitive to

A

H+, CO2, K+

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29
Q

what is oxidative capacity

A

number of capillaries, mitochondria, and amount of myoglobin/ ability to perform aerobic energy production

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30
Q

what does an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) do

A

causes depolarization

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31
Q

why is there is negative charge in the cell and not equilibrium

A

due to leaky K+ channels

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32
Q

what is muscle fatigue

A

decrease in muscle force production, reduce ability to perform work

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33
Q

what are the two muscle action

A

flexors and extensors

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34
Q

somatic motor neurons of PNS function

A

responsible for carrying neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles

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35
Q

when does the action potential occur

A

when a stimulus of sufficient strength depolarizes the cell

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36
Q

what is the sensory division of the PNS

A

afferent fibers transmit impulses from receptors to CNS

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37
Q

where is the tension applied to in muscle

A

tendon

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38
Q

what is the voltage is the neurons

A

-40 to -75 mv

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39
Q

what helps recruit fast motor units faster

A

training

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40
Q

what is temporal summation

A

summing several EPSPs from one presynaptic neuron, increase rate=increasee strength

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41
Q

EPSP increases what

A

neuronal permeability to sodium

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42
Q

why does withdrawal reflex occur

A

response to sensory input

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43
Q

what do fast fibers have a greater speed of shortening

A

SR releases Ca++ at a faster rate and has higher ATPase activity

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44
Q

what fiber type has the maximal force per cross sectional area

A

fast fibers 2a and 2x, have more cross bridges

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45
Q

what is the smallest contractile unit

A

sarcomere

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46
Q

where does a neurotransmitter bind to

A

receptor on postsynaptic membrane

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47
Q

what is isometric

A

muscle exerts force without changing length, pulling against immovable object

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48
Q

how much in total body weight is the skeletal muscle

A

40 to 50%

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49
Q

what happens when myelin sheath deteriorates

A

progress loss of nervous system function, fatigue, muscle weakness, poor motor control, loss of balance, mental depression

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50
Q

what is lamina

A

put a sleeve or covering on something like a sarcolemma

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51
Q

is fiber type the only variable to determine success in athletic event

A

no

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52
Q

what does central fatigue do

A

depletion of excitatory neurotransmitters in the motor cortex and reduces motor output to muscle

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53
Q

what is a motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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54
Q

if you have more damage to muscle then what happens to fore

A

decreases

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55
Q

how does strength training induce change in muscle

A

increase in muscle fiber size (hypertrophy), increase in muscle fiber number (hyperplasia)

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56
Q

what is repolarization

A

return to resting membrane potential

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57
Q

what are the two main characteristics of muscle fiber types

A

biochemical property and contractile property

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58
Q

what type of neural stimulation of motor units is needed for force regulation

A

frequency of stimulation (simple twitch, summation, tetanus)

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59
Q

what is spatial summation

A

summing from several different presynaptic neurons, different neurons acting on same tissue

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60
Q

where are pacinian corpuscles found

A

tissues around joints

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61
Q

what determines the resting membrane potential

A

permeability of plasma membrane to ions, difference in ion concentrations across membrane

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62
Q

function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

storage cites for CA++ and terminal cisternae

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63
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction

A

the junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber

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64
Q

where are golgi type receptors found

A

ligaments and around joint

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65
Q

the autonomic nervous system controls what

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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66
Q

what is the pathway of the neural reflex with withdrawal reflex

A

sensory nerve sends impulse to spinal column, interneurons activate motor neurons, motor neurons control movement of muscles

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67
Q

cerebellum does what type of movement

A

fast

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68
Q

the autonomic motor system is made up of

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

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69
Q

how does training help with recruiting type 2

A

helps selectively recruit type 2 and jump over type one

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70
Q

what type of motor units produce greater force

A

more motor units and fast motor units

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71
Q

how is it possible to gain strength with GTO

A

ability to voluntarily oppose GTO inhibition

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72
Q

withdrawal reflex is

A

the reflex contraction of skeletal muscle

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73
Q

what covers the axon

A

schwann cells, myelin sheath along length of axon

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74
Q

what are the fiber types in nonathletes

A

50% slow and 50% fast

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75
Q

where is the threshold located on the neuron

A

axon hillock

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76
Q

is a neuron faster or muscle twitch

A

neuron

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77
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

neurological disease that destroys myelin sheaths of axons

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78
Q

cell body structure

A

contains the nucleus

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79
Q

purpose of presynaptic neurons

A

can excite or inhibit post

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80
Q

what is a motor unit

A

motor neuron and all fibers it innervates

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81
Q

how can you improve multiple sclerosis

A

exercise

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82
Q

what is vestibular apparatus sensitive to

A

changes in linear and angular acceleration ( stimulated by head movement)

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83
Q

what are isotonic exercise

A

concentric and eccentric

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84
Q

what is ideal length for force regulation

A

where we can form the most cross bridges

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85
Q

what % higher does type 2 fibers have in max force per cross sectional area

A

10 to 20%

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86
Q

force production is related

A

to number of myosin cross bridges in strong binding state

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87
Q

function of epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle

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88
Q

before action potential could travel down T tubule what must happen

A

Ach binding

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89
Q

what is the most ion in the extracellular fluid concentrations

A

Na+ and Cl-

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90
Q

what is the motor division of the PNS

A

efferent fibers transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs

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91
Q

what happens with fatigue and high intensity exercise

A

accumulation of lactate, H+, ADP, Pi, and free radicals

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92
Q

which fiber type has higher max velocity

A

type 2

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93
Q

function of sympathetic division

A

release norepinephrine to excite effector organ

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94
Q

function of motor cortex through thalamus

A

forwards message sent down spinal neurons for spinal tuning and onto muscle

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95
Q

functions of the skeletal muscle

A

force production for locomotion and breathing, force production for postural support, and heat production during cold stress

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96
Q

function of gamma motor neurons

A

stimulate intrafusal fibers to contract with extrafusal fibers

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97
Q

what is the sliding filament model

A

muscle shortening occurs due to movement of the actin filament over the myosin filament, reduces the distance between z lines of sarcomere

98
Q

if you have a small muscle change then that leads to what type of ROM

A

long range of motion

99
Q

what is the nervous system made of

A

central and peripheral

100
Q

major structures of brain stem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain, reticular formation

101
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

decrease levels of testosterone and decreasing activity that males experience

102
Q

purpose of myelin

A

speed up conduction of signal and direct signal

103
Q

function of synapse

A

contact points between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron

104
Q

motor cortex function

A

motor control and voluntary movement

105
Q

what does an action potential do in a neuron

A

open Na+ channels and Na+ diffuses into cell causing it to become more positive

106
Q

how does atrophy occur

A

due to prolonged bed rest, limb immobilization, reduced loading during space lift

107
Q

are effect organs under voluntary or involuntary control

A

involuntary

108
Q

what is the size priniciple

A

smallest motor units recruited first

109
Q

whats the length of a contractile unit

A

z disc to z disc

110
Q

what is force velocity relationship

A

if velocity increases then force decreases and vice versa

111
Q

function of dendrites

A

conduct impulses toward cell body

112
Q

function of cerebellum

A

coordinates and monitors complex movement which incorporates feedback from proprioceptors

113
Q

speed of contraction is based on what for muscle fiber types

A

myosin ATPase activity

114
Q

what are the two type of muscle action

A

isometric and isotonic

115
Q

cerebellum initiates what

A

fast, ballistic movements

116
Q

what is atrophy

A

loss of muscle mass and strength

117
Q

what are contributing factors for muscle fatigue

A

high intensity exercise

and long duration exercise

118
Q

what is a muscle twitch

A

contraction as the result of a single stimulus

119
Q

what else does the vestibular apparatus do during exercise

A

head and eye movement

120
Q

characteristics of type 1 fibers

A

slow twitch, slow oxidative, lowest power, highest capacity, most mitochondria, high capillaries

121
Q

what is the neuromuscular cleft

A

short gap between neuron and muscle fiber

122
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

receptors that provide CNS with info about body position

123
Q

joint proprioceptors have what type of receptors

A

free nerve endings, golgi type receptors, pacinian corpuscles

124
Q

what is important about type of myosin ATPase

A

speed of ATP degradation, faster detachment and reattachment to and from actin

125
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released from presynaptic membrane

126
Q

what is maximal force production

A

force per unit of cross sectional area

127
Q

what is the all or none law

A

once a nerve impulse is initiated, it will travel the length of the neuron but has to reach threshold

128
Q

what fibers do we gain during muscle loss from age

A

slow fibers

129
Q

what is the central governor theory

A

central control center regulates exercise performance and reduces motor output to exercising muscle

130
Q

what are the fiber types in power athletes

A

high % in fast fibers

131
Q

what initial muscle length is good for force generation

A

ideal length and increased cross bridge formation

132
Q

what happens when Ach is released from motor neuron

A

causes and end-plate potential

133
Q

after stimulation with sympathetic division, what happens to NE

A

removed from synapse or inactivated

134
Q

what is repolarization in neurons

A

K+ leaves cell rapidly, Na+ channel close

135
Q

whats the difference between endocrine and nervous system

A

fast response control system for nervous and hormonal is long enduring fine tuning system (slow)

136
Q

what causes damage in muscle

A

myosin heads are being pulled and stretched but not detaching

137
Q

how does endurance training induce change in muscle

A

increase in oxidative capacity

138
Q

muscle spindle consists of

A

intrafusal fibers and gamma motor neurons

139
Q

what allows for fine tuning of motor program

A

feedback from muscle receptors and proprioceptors

140
Q

muscle chemoreceptors are sensitive to

A

changes in the chemical environment surrounding the muscle

141
Q

what does central fatigue affect

A

higher brain centers and motor neurons

142
Q

structure of gray matter

A

no myelin to allow nerve signal to go everywhere

143
Q

control of motor function happens with

A

subcortical and cortical motivation areas, cerebellum and basal ganglia, motor cortex through thalamus

144
Q

what can help improve strength and endurance for age related change in skeletal muscle

A

regular exercise

145
Q

what does the cerebellum and basal ganglia do with control of motor function

A

covert rough draft into movement plan

146
Q

afferent division is made up of

A

somatic (musculature), visceral (organs) and special sensory (chemo and baroreceptors)

147
Q

brain stem responsible for

A

metabolic functions, cardiorespiratory control, complex reflexes

148
Q

how long is initial atrophy and why

A

2 days bc decreased protein synthesis

149
Q

muscle spindle responds to

A

changes in muscle length (stretch of muscle) and wants to contract muscle

150
Q

how does GTO work

A

stimulation results in reflex relaxation of muscle and inhibitory neurons send IPSPs to muscle fibers

151
Q

whats included in a sarcomere

A

Z line, M line, H zone, A band, and I band

152
Q

what is kinesthesia

A

conscious recognition of the position of body parts and limb movement rates

153
Q

what is the recruitment pattern during incremental exercise

A

type s, type FR (2a), type FF (2x)

154
Q

what is a depolarization

A

electrical signal that causes a chemical release that causes a mechanical event

155
Q

intrafusal fibers run what to normal muscle fibers

A

parallel

156
Q

what is the cross extensor reflex

A

opposite limb supports body during withdrawal of injured limb, activates antagonist on opposite limb

157
Q

why are the smaller motor units recruited first

A

produce larger EPSP and result in action potential sooner bc they have smaller thresholds

158
Q

what is innervation ratio

A

number of muscle fibers one neuron innervates

159
Q

what is the innervation ratio

A

number of muscle fibers per motor unit, low number of fibers= fine motor control, high number of fibers= less fine motor control

160
Q

what is a power stroke

A

formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments

161
Q

if there is more muscle how much force

A

more force can be generated

162
Q

during hyperpolarization, what is the voltage in the cell

A

-110 mv

163
Q

goal of summation is

A

help make sure event actually occurs

164
Q

what happens during excitation contraction coupling

A

action potential travels down t tubules and causes release of Ca++ from SR, Ca++ binds to troponin and causes position change of tropomyosin exposing active site of actin, strong binding state formed between actin and myosin and contraction occurs.

165
Q

what gate is closed during IPSP

A

close sodium gates

166
Q

how much muscle mass is lost between 25 and 50

A

10%

167
Q

central governor theory protects against

A

catastrophic disruptions to homeostasis

168
Q

in a velocity of movement, the power generated is greater in a muscle with a higher percent in

A

fast twitch fibers

169
Q

basal ganglia does what type of movement

A

slow, deliberate

170
Q

what is another name for myosin

A

thick filament

171
Q

what does the subcortical and cortical motivation areas do

A

send a rough draft of the movement

172
Q

if you want more precision with muscle

A

less muscle fibers per one neuron

173
Q

at older age what fiber type are we losing

A

type 2

174
Q

what are the contractile properties of muscle fiber types

A

maximal force production, speed of contraction and muscle fiber efficiency

175
Q

what is the ratio of force and time

A

force increase when time decreases

176
Q

how many heads are on one myosin

A

6

177
Q

what is required for muscle contraction, energy wise

A

myosin ATPase breaks down ATP as fiber contracts

178
Q

how does further atrophy occur

A

reduced protein synthesis

179
Q

what is spinal tuning

A

voluntary movement translated into appropriate muscle action

180
Q

what is the function of the general nervous system

A

control of the internal environment, voluntary control of movement, programming spinal cord reflexes, assimilation of experiences necessary for memory and learning

181
Q

where is Ach released from

A

motor neuron

182
Q

what concentric

A

muscle shortens during force production

183
Q

is the withdrawal reflex of the skeletal muscle dependent on higher brain centers

A

no so the rate of response can be fast

184
Q

what are the biochemical properties of muscle fiber types

A

oxidative capacity and type of myosin ATPase

185
Q

what is the stretch reflex

A

stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction

186
Q

how much muscle mass is lost between age 50-85

A

40%

187
Q

what is an end plate potential

A

depolarization of muscle fiber

188
Q

cerebrum has what two cortexes

A

cerebral and motor

189
Q

how does EPSP and IPSP play a role in withdrawal reflex

A

EPSP to muscle to withdraw from stimulus (activate) and IPSP to antagonist muscle (inhibit)

190
Q

what is inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

move the difference of the 2 areas of membrane mover farther apart, making it more difficult to reach threshold, making harder for action to take place

191
Q

what are contractile protein

A

actin and myosin

192
Q

how many actin does one myosin act on

A

6

193
Q

what is motor unit recruitment

A

recruitment of more muscle fibers through motor unit activation

194
Q

purpose of parasympathetic division

A

release ACh that inhibits efector organ

195
Q

when do you start to decline with skeletal muscle

A

40 y.o.

196
Q

what are the muscle proprioceptors

A

muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ

197
Q

what is involuntary drive

A

what you can contract beyond what you think you can do

198
Q

what do myofibrils contain

A

contractile proteins

199
Q

temporal and spatial summation occurs with what

A

EPSP

200
Q

what makes up the PNS

A

neurons outside the CNS, sensory and motor division

201
Q

what is the most ion in the intracellular fluid concentrations

A

K+

202
Q

why is atrophy not permanent

A

can be reversed with resistance training

203
Q

what is excitation contraction coupling

A

depolarization of motor end plate is coupled to muscular contraction

204
Q

cerebellum has connection to

A

motor cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord

205
Q

what does motor end plate look like

A

depression allowing more surface area to allow more receptors in the pocket

206
Q

fast twitch fiber and action potential

A

arrival of electrical signal and then increase of force is much shorter

207
Q

characteristics of type 2x fibers

A

fast twitch, fast glycolytic, highest power but lowest capacity

208
Q

function of autonomic nervous system

A

responsible for maintaining internal environment

209
Q

function of perimysium

A

surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)

210
Q

what is eccentric

A

muscle produces force but length decresase

211
Q

cerebral cortex function

A

organization of complex movement, storage of learned experiences, reception of sensory info

212
Q

what happens to H zone during contraction

A

disappears

213
Q

where are proprioceptors located

A

joints and muscles

214
Q

location of sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

215
Q

speed of shortening is greatest in what fiber

A

fast fibers

216
Q

what is the resting membrane potential

A

negative charge inside cells at rest

217
Q

function of vestibular apparatus

A

responsible for maintaining general equilibrium and balance (head position)

218
Q

how many skeletal muscles are in the human body

A

400

219
Q

function of golgi tendon organ

A

inhibit recruitment of motor units and causes relaxation

220
Q

function of muscle proprioceptors

A

provide sensory feedback to nervous system from tension development by muscle and account of muscle length

221
Q

what is the most powerful contraction you can do

A

isometric

222
Q

function of axon

A

carriers electrical impulse away from cell body

223
Q

what are the requirements for electrical activity in neurons

A

irritability and conductivity

224
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

225
Q

a neuron fires when

A

a stimulus changes the permeability of the membrane allowing sodium to enter at a high rate

226
Q

function of golgi tendon organ

A

monitors tension developed in muscle and prevents muscle damage during excessive force generation

227
Q

is atrophy permanent

A

no

228
Q

what happens with fatigue and long duration exercise

A

muscle factors due to accumulation of free radicals, electrolyte imbalance and glycogen depletion, central fatigue from reduced motor drive to muscle from CNS

229
Q

what are the structures of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon and synapse

230
Q

what is flexor

A

decrease joint angle

231
Q

characteristics of type 2a fibers

A

intermediate fibers, fast oxidative glycolytic fibers

232
Q

what is another name for actin

A

thin filament

233
Q

what are the motor functions of the spinal cord

A

withdrawal reflex, other reflexes involved with voluntary movement, spinal tuning

234
Q

what ions are involved with the resting membrane potential

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca++

235
Q

muscle chemoreceptors send info to and why

A

CNS about metabolic rate of muscular activity which can help regulate cardiovascular and pulmonary responses

236
Q

function of pacinian corpuscles

A

detect rate of joint rotation

237
Q

what determines the amount of force produced

A

number of cross bridges

238
Q

what are the sources of ATP for energy for muscle contraction

A

phosphocreatine, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation

239
Q

what determines how much O2 uptake is utilized in muscle fiber types

A

number of mitochondria

240
Q

what is the voltage in the muscle

A

-95 to -100 mv

Physiology of Exercise (4 decks)

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