Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Scientific Principles of Health and Disease > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

1
Q

what is a motor unit

A

neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are afferent neurons

A

enter spinal cord

carry info from PNS to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

treatment for PD

A

replenish dopamine
levodopa
maybe brain surgery if drug therapy does not work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is concentric

A

shortening

muscle force greater than external load, against gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

example of static/isometric muscular contractions

A

wall sits, planks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what muscle is under voluntary control

A

skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in the middle stages, more plaques and tangles form and

A

memory becomes impaired
also form in area of speech and proprioception
most people diagnosed during this stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a cross bridge

A

when actin and myosin come together to create a power stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what age do the number of muscle fibers begin to decrease

A

after mid 20’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some mild symptoms of AD

A

confusion and memory loss
disorientation; getting lost in familiar settings
problems with routine tasks
changes in personality and judgement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

supply the heart, smooth muscle, sweat glands
fight or flight
accelerates breathing and heart rate; pupils dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

AD is named after

A

alois alzheimer
autopsy on women, dramatic shrinkage of cerebral cortex and fatty deposits in small blood vessels, dead and dying neurons, and fatty deposits in and around neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the basic unit of the nervous system

A

a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is body composition

A

how much muscle mass in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some factors in sarcopenia

A 
decreased levels of sex hormones
decreased levels of anabolic hormones (insulin, growth hormone)
increased cytokine production 
physical inactivity
malnutrition
smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what determines muscle action

A

origin and action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

alpha two neuron characteristics

A

small, they dont require a lot of force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when using slow controlled velocities under MVC uses what fiber

A

both one and two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is sarcopenic-obese

A

fat gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does motor unit remodeling occur

A

slower, less force production, less efficient, less precise control of movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are antagonist muscles

A

muscle groups that are opposite of each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why would fast twitch be recruited last

A

low intensity exercise predominantly uses slow twitch but when there is an inccrease in intensity forces then fast twitch is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is MVC

A

maximum voluntary contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how to diagnose PD

A

hard to do bc similar to other diseases
25% misdiagnosed
no adequate blood or lab test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in advanced stage of AD what is mostly damaged

A

cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a synapse

A

contact points between neurons (gap between)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are some severe symptoms of AD

A

loss of speech
loss of appetite; weight loss
loss of bladder and bowel control
total dependence on caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what acts against myelin attack causing demyelination

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the interior of the muscle is divided into bundles of muscle fibers called

A

fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is it possible for older people to build muscle

A

yes, but it is not as fast as younger adults with resistance training
increase activities of daily living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what accounts for the shape of the muscle

A

different arrangements of fascicles within a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the types of muscular contractions

A

static/isometric
dynamic
isokinetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what parts of the brain are affected by AD

A

cortex, hippocampus (help form memories)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where would you find cardiac muscle

A

in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the most common symptoms of MS

A 
numbness/tingling
vision disturbances
fatigue
muscle weakness
difficulty moving
balance and coordination problems
chronic pain
cognitive function
bladder and bowel dysfunction
dizziness and vertigo
depression
abnormal temp regulations and sweating responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

can you grow more muscle fibers

A

no you are just born with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are thick filaments

A

myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

a “nerve” refers to

A

a bundle of neurons

a group of many axons of neurons that travel in the same location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what do myofibrils contain

A

smaller myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

can one neuron innervate both type one and two fibers

A

no its one or the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what causes PD

A

unknown
chemicals or free radicals
toxins
genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what do myofilaments contain that help with contraction

A

thick and thin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the force and endurance of long and parallel muscles

A

not a lot of force but a lot of endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

when is juvenile onset of PD

A

occur before age 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the two types of muscle fibers

A 
slow twitch (type 1)
fast twitch (type 2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is an axon

A

carries impulses away from the cell body and to muscle fibers it innervates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

is muscle mass linked with mortality

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

looks of type 1 fiber types

A

red, oxidated, small, produce less force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are the primary symptoms of PD

A 
TRAP
tremor
rigidity
akinesia
postural changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

diagnosing MS

A

difficult to diagnose in early stages
need evidence of two distinct exacerbations separated by 30 days (RRMS) or
slow progression of signs and symptoms over 6 months (PPMS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

how do neurons communicate

A

the axon of one neuron will communicate with the dendrite of an adjacent one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

intrinsic age related process
decrease in strength with age because of reduced-fat free mass
loss of function
decline in quantity and quality of muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the greek origin of sarcopenia

A

poverty of flesh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass predominantly affects the…

A

lower body and is most rapid in the initial days/weeks of inactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

can an axon of neuron communicate with other parts of a neuron

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what system signals the muscle fiber to begin cross bridge cycling

A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the all or none law for motor units

A

a motor unit is either activated completely or not at all
action potential must be large enough
all muscle fibers in unit must contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

treatments for MS

A 
focus on speeding recovery from attacks, slowing progression of disease, and managing symptoms
drug therapy
exercise
no cure
meditation, diet, accupuncture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

are males or females more likely to get parkinsons

A

males, but coffee helps decrease likelihood in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is the pathophysiology of ALS

A

motor neurons degenerate and die

cease communication with skeletal muscle, atrophy of skeletal muscle or voluntary muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are the three types of muscles in humans

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

each fiber is innervated by how many neurons

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what happens when muscles age

A

loss in fiber size and fiber number
more pronounced type 2 fiber atrophy
loss of motor units
collectively leads to a loss of strength and power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is PPMS

A

primary progressive MS
slow but nearly continuous worsening of their disease from onset, with no remission
variations in rates of progression over time, occasional plateaus and temp minor improvements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

how much of muscle mass is appendicular (arms and legs)

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is eccentric

A

lengthening

muscle force less than external load, with gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

do the myosin and actin attach if the muscle is over stretched and has little overlap

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

how does sarcopenia occur

A

in absence of disease

accelerated by inactivity and poor nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

why use CT or MRI to diagnose PD

A

rule out other disorders with similar symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

the generation of tension that happens in a muscle is due to

A

to binding of myosin to actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is familial ALS

A

occurs more than once in family, genetic dominant inheritance
faulty genes
50% chance offspring gets it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what is muscle atrophy

A

the wasting away or loss of muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

wha fiber is used for anaerobic activities

A

type two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

when is MS usually diagnosed

A

between ages of 15 to 59

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what is the quickest way to lose muscle

A

bed rest

and poor nutritional habits as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what happens if we lose ~ 40% of lean body mass?

A

death, including organs in lean body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what is flexion

A

bending movement that results in a decrease in the angle of a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

as PD develops neurons…

A

degenerate and can no longer produce adequate amounts of dopamine which cant move from cortex to spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what is SPMS

A

secondary progressive MS
start out with RRMS followed by steadily worsening disease course with or without occasional flare ups, minor remissions, or plateaus
most people with RRMS develop this form 10 year after initial diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what are some risk factors to PD

A 
advancing age
sex
family history
declining estrogen levels
agricultural work
low levels of folate in diet
head trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what does ALS stand for

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

lou gehrigs disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what fiber is the first to be recruited for any activity

A

type one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what parts of the brain are minimally affected by AD

A

medulla, pons, midbrain, and thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

function of pennate muscles

A

less ability to shorten but more sarcomeres

look like feathers and attach to multiple spots on the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

where are skeletal muscles connected to

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

when do you see tremors in PD

A

seen at rest
in 75% of patients
begins on one side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

general function of nervous system

A

control of internal and external environments
body’s master control and communication
somatic and autonomic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what is parkinsons disease (PD)

A

a motor system disorder resulting from the loss of neurons which produce the neurotransmitter dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what creates the striated appearance in muscle

A

myofilaments run in repeating patterns along the length of the myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

when does EARLY onset of dementia/ AD occur

A

before age 65

very rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what is guamanian ALS

A

ALS in guam and trust territories

ingestion of particular plant that has neurotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what do sarcomeres mean

A

force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

when does the onset of AD occur

A

later stages of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what do the neurons do that innervate skeletal muscle fibers

A

signal them to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

the loss of neurons is thought to be caused by what in AD

A

plaques and tangles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

pennation results in a loss of force within each fiber because

A

decrease of fiber length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

diagnosis of AD

A

medical history (family)
physical exam
neurological exam (reflexes, speech, coordination)
brain imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

what separates adjacent sarcomeres

A

Z disc (line)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

list the cross bridge cycle in order

A

cross bridge formation
power stroke
release
return to “loaded” position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

is there a cure for AD

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

what else does DEXA show

A

bone density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

what fibers make up all skeletal muscles

A

both type one and two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

what surrounds the muscle fascicles

A

perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

what is the inflammatory cascade in MS

A

inflammation
demyelination
axonal loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

what are the two major components of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

looks of type 2 fibers

A

white, anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

is sarcopenia a slow or fast process

A

fast during a catabolic crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

what fiber is slow to fatigue

A

type one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

what is efferent

A

motor neuron, delivers impulse from CNS to effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

what is dementia

A

general term for memory loss and mental deterioration serious enough to interfere with daily life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released at terminal end of nerve to pass signal on to another cell
diffuse across synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

what are thin filaments

A

actin

114
Q

muscle cells are also known as

A

muscle fibers

115
Q

what are some showings of akinesia in PD

A

small handwriting
reduced arm swing when walking
absence of facial expressions

116
Q

what does amyotrophic mean

A

wasting of muscle

117
Q

what is progressive relapsing MS

A

steadily worsening disease from the onset but also have a clear acute relapse with or without remission
continuous disease progression

118
Q

circumduction

A

movement of limb in a circular motion

119
Q

what are the contractile structure of the cells

A

myofibrils

120
Q

what fiber is used first during MVC

A

type one then type two

121
Q

alpha one neurons innervate what type of fiber

A

2

122
Q

what fiber generates force quickly

A

type two

123
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

an INFLAMMATORY, demyelinating disorder of CNS causing plaques in white matter of CNS
chronic auto immune inflammatory disorder

124
Q

what are some consequences of sarcopenia

A 
lower metabolism= fat gain
increase risk for disability
loss of balance
increased risk of falls
increased mortality
125
Q

anabolic resistance is also known as

A

blunted muscle protein synthesis

126
Q

is progression slow or fast in MS

A

slow, over 10 to 25 years

127
Q

which fiber type is recruited first

A

slow twitch then fast

128
Q

who has a lot of type 1 muscle fibers

A

endurance athletes due to aerobic activity

129
Q

can you grow new muscle fibers

A

no you are born with a certain number

130
Q

the degree of pennation directly affects what

A

the number of sarcomeres per cross sectional muscle area

131
Q

repeating myofilaments are called

A

sarcomere

132
Q

muscle loss during bed rest appears to be driven by

A

a reduction in muscle protein synthesis

133
Q

what is the structure of muscle fibers

A

long cylinder shaped cells

134
Q

the ratio of muscle fibers to motor neurons affects what

A

the precision of movement

135
Q

what causes loss of strength

A

selective atrophy in type 2 fibers

136
Q

motor units are recruited based on…

A

order of fiber type

137
Q

what are dendrites

A

receive and conduct impulses toward the cell body

138
Q

what happens when myostatin is reduced or absent

A

skeletal muscle hypertrophies

139
Q

what is average age people are diagnosed with PD

A

60 but increased risk with advancing age

140
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system contain

A

cranial and spinal nerves

141
Q

how are muscle fibers oriented

A

along the longitudinal axis of the muscle

142
Q

symptoms of MS are

A

unpredictable and vary from person to person

depends on where lesions occur on myelin sheath

143
Q

what is alzheimers diease (AD)

A

is a progressive and fatal brain disease which destroys brain cells (neurons)
shrinkage of brain

144
Q

what is bradykinesia

A

slowness of movement

145
Q

what neuron makes up the motor division

A

efferent

146
Q

do most people with MS have the relapsing form of the disease or not

A

most do

147
Q

so PD affects what

A

motor output which is movements and coordination

148
Q

when does early onset of PD occur

A

between ages of 21 and 40

149
Q

risk fact for familial ALS

A

inherited genetic defect SOD-1 gene

150
Q

what is a motor unit

A

the neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

151
Q

which fiber contains more mitochondria and is used in everyday activities

A

type one

152
Q

what is a power stroke

A

shortening occurs as the myosin heads snap back pulling on the actin filaments

153
Q

rotation

A

movement around a central axis

154
Q

how do you assess sarcopenia

A

dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DEXA) assessment to determine appendicular lean mass

155
Q

what are some risk factors for AD

A

age
family history
certain rare genes almost guarantee AD
younger onsent AD is inherited

156
Q

who is affected by MS

A

Caucasians of northern European descent

mostly women

157
Q

function of long and parallel muscle fibers

A

“longitudinal muscles” greater ability to shorten but less sarcomeres

158
Q

what sheath of connective tissue binds the MUSCLE together

A

epimysium

159
Q

PD symptoms progress…

A

slowly

rate depends on person

160
Q

doctors believe what is required to diagnose someone with PD

A

tremor

161
Q

where would you find the smooth muscle

A

surrounds various organs and tubes

blood vessels, bronchial tubes, uterus

162
Q

AD accounts for how many cases in dementia

A

50 to 80%

163
Q

what are the three types of ALS

A

sporadic
familial
guamanian

164
Q

what is wasting

A

unintentional loss of weight including both fat and fat free mass

165
Q

when age are people diagnosed with ALS

A

40 to 70

166
Q

how much body weight does skeletal muscles make up

A

around 45%

167
Q

MVC at fast velocities uses what fibers

A

only type one

168
Q

what is sporadic ALS

A

most common

no exact known cause

169
Q

what is ALS

A

rapidly progressive neurological degenerative disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles
loss of ability to initiate and control muscle movement
leads to paralysis and then death

170
Q

what is dynamic muscular contraction

A

muscle contraction that produces movement of the skeleton

171
Q

what are efferent neurons

A

conduct impulses away from brain or spinal cord (CNS) to glands and muscles (PNS)

172
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

173
Q

what are the types of MS

A 
relapsing- remitting MS
secondary progressive MS
primary-progressive MS
progressive-relapsing MS
can either be mild, moderate or severe
174
Q

when you get older what else decreases in number that helps control skeletal muscle

A

motorneurons

175
Q

the distribution of a fiber type in a muscle is due to

A

the tasks that muscle performs

varies with individuals as well

176
Q

what is the cell body

A

cell maintenance, “control center”

177
Q

the term contraction refers to

A

the activation of the muscle to produce force (tension)

178
Q

what is the amount of protein per day

A

25 to 30 g of protein 3x/day

179
Q

how many skeletal muscles are in the human body

A

about 700

180
Q

a decrease in dopamine causes

A

slow movement, tremors and rigidity

181
Q

what is the diameter of the muscle fiber

A

between 10 and 100 micrometers

182
Q

what is the break down of muscle components from largest to smallest

A

muscle, fascicle, fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilaments

183
Q

what are the two types of neurons in the PNS and CNS

A

afferent and efferent neurons

184
Q

what is a myelin sheath

A

encircles the axon, electrical insulator, increases the speed of neural impulses

185
Q

where does rigidity occur in PD

A

typically in limbs

186
Q

what are some moderate symptoms of AD

A

difficulty with activities of daily living, such as eating and bathing
anxiety, suspiciousness, agitation
sleep disturbances
wandering, pacing
difficulty recognizing family and friends

187
Q

what do neurons need to survive

A

O2 and glucose

188
Q

what is the smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

sarcomere

189
Q

what is muscle composition

A

fiber type, fiber size, fiber number, etc

190
Q

where can you get folate in your diet

A

dark, leafy greens, citrus fruits, beans/lentils

191
Q

when the cortex is damaged what is affected

A

ability to communicate
unable to recognize family members
unable to care for themselves

192
Q

what changes in size when muscle size changes

A

change in size of cells

193
Q

what is a nere

A

bundle of neurons

194
Q

treatment for MS

A

no cure
medications (rilutek/riluzole)
therapy
experimental (stem cell, gene therapy)

195
Q

what is extension

A

straitening movement that results in a increase in the angle of a joint

196
Q

treatment for AD

A

drug and non-drug
exercise
nutritional supplements
working on vaccine to prevent plaque build up

197
Q

what are the exercise factors for to help decrease muscle loss

A

resistance exercise: needs adequate nutrition

high intensity resistance exercise not feasible for certain populations but you can walk and low intensity activity

198
Q

action potential

A

a nerve impulse; an electrical charge

199
Q

what are the three basic principles of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

A
  1. force is generated as actin filaments slide over myosin filaments
  2. the lengths of the filaments do not change during contraction
  3. the length of the sarcomere decreases as the myosin filaments pull the z discs together
200
Q

what is cytokine production

A

signaling proteins which trigger inflammation

201
Q

in MS, the plaques form and destroy what

A

axons

202
Q

what are some environmental risk factors for AD

A

traumatic brain injury
diet: link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease
adequate folate and calcium levels decrease risk

203
Q

who has a lot of type 2 fibers

A

football players, weightlifters

204
Q

a skeletal muscle cell is known as a

A

muscle fiber

205
Q

risk factor for sporadic ALS

A

high levels of glutamate
glutamate found in red meat, processed meat, lunch meat, cheese
neurotransmitter that causes neuron death

206
Q

a neuron is also called

A

a nerve cell

207
Q

abduction

A

bringing a limb away from the midline of the body

208
Q

what is akinesia

A

absence to move at a spontaneous rate

209
Q

how do neurons function

A

generate electrical signals that move from one part of the cell to the other and then to other cells

210
Q

where do plaques first start forming in early stages

A

forming in areas of the brain used for learning, memory, and planning

211
Q

what is the rate of progression in ALS

A

vary
usually 3 to 5 years
some more than 5 or even 10
possible to go into remission but very rare

212
Q

how does wasting occur

A

result of inadequate diet

213
Q

what is static/isometric muscular contractions

A

no movement occurs
load=tension
holding position to create tension

214
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

exits brain stem to supply the thorax, abdomen, and pelvic regions
opposite of symp sys because stimulation slows down HR

215
Q

the amount of tension is related to what

A

the initial length of the muscle

216
Q

what are dietary factors to help decrease muscle loss

A

focus on protein intake

ensure maximum stimulation of muscle protein synthesis occurs at each meal

217
Q

what is isokinetic muscular contraction

A

speed of motion remains the same

218
Q

how is muscle mass determined

A

by the rates of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein degradation

219
Q

do all contractions produce movement

A

no

220
Q

does PD have to do more with loss of brain cells or decrease of dopamine

A

decrease of dopamine

221
Q

what is cachexia associated with

A

disease

cant be reversed by nutrition

222
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary control
innervates smooth muscle, intestines, sweat and salivary glands, myocardium, endocrine glands
consist of efferent neurons

223
Q

what is the force and endurance of pennate muscles

A

generate a lot of force but not a lot of endurance

224
Q

how does muscle connect to the bone

A

tendons

225
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in size

226
Q

purpose of skeletal muscle

A

responsible for moving the skeleton

227
Q

supination

A

rotation of the forearm so palms face up

228
Q

AD causes

A

memory loss, problems with thinking and behavior and can cause an impairment in performing everyday activities

229
Q

symptoms of ALS

A

muscle weakness
twitching and cramping of muscles (hands and feet)
impairment of the use of the arms and legs (balance issues)
thick speech and difficulty projecting voice
respiratory muscles become affected (ventilation)
sense of sight, touch, hearing, taste and smell are not affected and neither is bladder or eyes
cognitive function is not impaired

230
Q

what is muscle quality

A

ratio of strength to mass in upper and lower extremities

functional properties of the muscle (strength, power, etc)

231
Q

what is one of the body’s communication system

A

neurons sending electrical signals

232
Q

alpha one neuron characteristic

A

larger neuron bc they require a lot of force

233
Q

does human skeletal muscle undergo hyperplasia

A

no

234
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the motor division

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

235
Q

each muscle fiber is surrounded by

A

endomysium

236
Q

what is origin

A

refers to the end of the muscle that is attached to a bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
closest to the heart

237
Q

during a muscle contraction what happens to myosin and actin

A

actin moves and myosin stays

238
Q

what are some normal neurological changes with aging

A

brain mass slowly declines

slowed thinking and occasional memory lapses

239
Q

pennation allows for more sarcomeres to be packed into a given area which increases what

A

force overall

240
Q

what is the order of brain parts that are affected by AD

A 
hippocampus and amygdala
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
occipital lobe
241
Q

the ability of fiber types to contribute to force production depends on what

A

the speed of the movement

242
Q

how to prevent sarcopenia

A 
physical activity (overload to muscle)
diet (adequate protein intake)
hormone replacement therapy
243
Q

what are some characteristics of MS

A

muscle weakness
fatigue
motor function difficulties
cognitive disability

244
Q

what is an effector

A

part of the body effected by a nerve impulse

245
Q

what type of person is diagnosed with ALS

A

caucasian

more men

246
Q

what happens when multiple cross bridges form

A

create constant tension

247
Q

what are examples of muscular contraction

A

eccentric and concentric

248
Q

what are plaques

A

abnormal clusters of protein fragments that build up between neurons

249
Q

what is the length of muscle fibers

A

can be up to 20cm

250
Q

what is afferent

A

sensory neuron, deliver impulse to CNS

251
Q

alpha 2 neuron innervates what type of fiber

A

1

252
Q

what neuron makes up the sensory division

A

afferent

253
Q

adduction

A

bringing a limb closer to the midline of the body

254
Q

what does dopamine do

A

the chemical that controls the smooth movement in the human body
communicate from neuron to neuron

255
Q

what determines muscle fiber type

A

based on the characteristics of the neuron that controls the fiber

256
Q

do neurons have longevity

A

yes

257
Q

pronation

A

rotation of the forearm so palms face down

258
Q

after age 30, adults will lose approx how much of their muscle mass per decade

A

3-8%

259
Q

what is cachexia

A

loss of weight, muscle, and appetite from someone who is not trying to lose weight

260
Q

what happens to the sarcomere when the muscle contracts

A

the sarcomere shortens bringing the Z discs closer together

261
Q

what does sclerosis mean

A

hardening or scarring from demyelination process

262
Q

what is insertion

A

refers to the end of the muscle that is attached to a bone that will be moved when the muscle contracts
furthest from heart

263
Q

what could be a reason why someone has more of one fiber than the other

A

genetics

264
Q

what provides the basis for all human movement

A

muscular contractions

265
Q

more people die every year of ALS than

A

huntingtons disease or MS

266
Q

can stress help with gaining muscle

A

no

267
Q

what are the gaps of myelin sheath called

A

nodes of ranvier

268
Q

what is the mean age for ALS diagnosing

A

65

269
Q

AD ultimately leads to fewer

A

neurons in the brain and fewer synapses (less communication)

270
Q

what do myelin sheath look like

A

white, fatty segmented substance found on axon

271
Q

what does the central nervous contain

A

brain and spinal cord

272
Q

what is RRMS

A

relapsing remitting MS
most common form
relapsing, possible acute worsening of neurological functioning, followed by remission with no progression of disease

273
Q

what diagnostic tests can be used to diagnose MS

A 
MRI scan (can show lesions in brain)
Evoked response testing (nervous system response to stimulation)
CT Scan (cross section of tissue)
274
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

conscious control
voluntary muscle
innervate skeletal muscle
consists of efferent neurons

275
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

an increase in the number of cells

276
Q

what are some other functions of the skeletal muscles

A

site of energy storage and utilization
maintain posture
stabilize joints
generate heat

277
Q

2 purposes of neurons

A

to receive incoming information

send a signal to other neurons, muscles or glands

278
Q

what is the function of myostatin

A

suppresses the growth of skeletal muscle

279
Q

what happens with a fully shortened muscle

A

can’t shorten anymore creating no force of contraction

280
Q

purpose of cardiac muscle

A

spontaneous contractions regulated by autonomic nervous system

Scientific Principles of Health and Disease (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions