Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Scientific Principles of Health and Disease > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

what is residual volume

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after a complete exhilation

air in alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood

A

right side, atrium to ventricle to pulmonary artery to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two zones beyond the larynx

A

conducting zone and the respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is epidemiology

A

the study of the determinance and distribution of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

are fat cells permanent

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a benign tumor

A

self limiting
non spreading
can sometimes turn into malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a symptom

A

something a patient experiences
cannot be measured
ex: headache or pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of the aortic and pulmonary valve

A

prevent blood flow from moving in the opposite direction during cardiac cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is person anaylsis

A

distribution of disease based on characteristics such as age, race, gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what ages do you see asthma

A

6 to 40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

function of the ventricle

A

contract/pressure to push blood into arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the node do

A

pacemaker, tells the heart to contract or relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the pressure like during expiration

A

higher pressure while decreasing volume compared to environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the lining like in the alveoli

A

very thin for blood gas barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is secondary hypertension

A

caused by specific defect such as renal disease or endocrine abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is depolarization

A

contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

during expiration what happens to diaphragm

A

diaphragm moves up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does asthma affect the most

A

bronchi and bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sudden death from a myocardial infarction is due to

A

ventricular fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the effect of atherosclerosis on blood flow

A

shorten the diameter of the artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are two types of lung disorders

A

obstructive and restrictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does compliance mean during respiration

A

the magnitude of the change in lung volume produced by a change in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is adult onset asthma

A

develops after age 20

may or may not be caused by allergens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is neoplasm

A

describe an abnormal proliferation of genetically altered cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the therapy for asthma

A

reduce inflammation

overcome acute excessive airway smooth muscle contraction with bronchodilators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is cancer

A

collection of diseases that can originate in any organ system, spread to other organ systems, and has multiple etiologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the types of hypertension

A

essential hypertension and secondary hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, malignant hypertension and white coat hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

build up of plaque in the major arteries of the body

arterial endothelium progressively becomes thick, rigid, with irregular contour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation

A

uncoordinated ventricular contractions ineffective in producing flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is supraventricular tachycardia located

A

in atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

entire volume of air that can be contained in the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what happens during a myocardial infarction

A

death of some heart muscle due to a blood clot causing a complete lack of blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how to diagnose COPD

A

pulmonary function test
chest x ray
cant distinguish chronic bronchitis and emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what happens during obstructive lung diseases

A

narrowing of respiratory airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the four components of respiratory function

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is isolated systolic hypertension

A

may be due to reduced compliance of the aorta with increasing age
greater than 140 but diastolic is less than 90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what type of muscle is in the heart

A

cardiac muscle, striated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is expiration

A

movement of air from alveoli to the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is small cell lung cancer

A

spreads rapidly
chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up bloody phlegm
discovered when too late

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the signs of lung cancer

A

coughing, wheezing, raspy or hoarse voice, dropping weight, swollen lymph nodes about collarbone
palpable mass in abdominal area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

if there are symptoms of hypertension what would they be

A

headache followed by tiredness,confusion, vision changes, angina, heart failure, blood in urine, nosebleed, irregular heart beat, ear noise or buzzing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the bpm for tachycardia

A

greater than 100 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what happens during restrictive lung diseases

A

respiratory movements are impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is incidence rate

A

number of new cases of disease that develop within a specific period in a specified population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

diagnosis of lung cancer

A

examinations of mucus or lung fluid

biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

pathophysiology of asthma

A

smooth muscle surrounding airway contracts strongly, increasing airway resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are symptoms of hypertension

A

no symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are non modifiable risk factors

A

genetics, physiological/ metabolic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is a sign

A

something that can be observed or detected by someone other than the patient
ex: temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the semilunar valve called in the right side of the heart

A

pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is normal blood pressure

A

120/80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are symptoms of sleep apnea

A 
excessive daytime sleepiness
restless sleep
loud snoring
breathing cessation
abrupt awakenings
awakening with dry mouth or sore throat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is steriod resistant asthma

A

asthma that does not respond to corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is hypertension

A

level of blood pressure at which a person has an increased risk of developing a morbid cardiovascular evert or will clearly benefit from medical therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are modifiable risk factors

A

not work out, eating horrible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is malignant hypertension

A

rapid developing, extremely high bp

180/120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the bpm for bradycardia

A

less than 60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what happens in coronary heart disease

A

narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart
CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is cardiac output

A

how much blood is being pumped into the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what carries cholesterol in the body

A

lipoproteins through the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

cessation of respiration can result in

A

hypoxia and hypercapnia in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is disease

A

a pathological process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is nocturnal asthma

A

occurs between midnight and 8 am
due to bodys natural rhythm
melatonin increase at night causing airway inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

increased bp is due to

A

increase in cardiac output and elevated total peripheral resistance by inducing vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is place analyses

A

distribution of disease based on geographic region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what are some characteristics of asthma

A

increased responsiveness of trachea and bronchi to stimuli
inflammation of airways
intermittent bronchospasms
bronchi and bronchioles are narrowed and often occluded with excessive mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

approx measure of force blood exerts on arterial walls when heart contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

reprecussions of malignant hypertension

A

organ failure, hypertensive emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

definition of ventilation

A

the processes of air moving into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is dead space ventilation

A

unused breath/ventilation

air loss between nasal cavity and trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what is central sleep apnea

A

due to neural problem

73
Q

what is wolff-parkinson white syndrome

A

an extra electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles will cause a tachycardia

74
Q

what is the muscle like of the atrium

A

thin because does not need to contract

75
Q

what is sleep apnea

A

the periodic cessation of breathing during sleep

76
Q

the respiratory system is composed of

A

two lungs and airways

77
Q

where is ventricular tachycardia located

A

in ventricles

78
Q

vascular resistance increases

A

pressure

79
Q

what is a risk factor

A

a characteristic, condition, or behavior such as high blood pressure or smoking that increases the possibility of disease or injury

80
Q

where do you usually see bradycardia

A

in athletes

81
Q

function of the atria

A

receive and store blood when the ventricle contracts

82
Q

what can rupture in the arteries that can stop blood flow

A

atheroma

83
Q

what would be located in the thorax

A

lungs, rib cage, intercostal muscles, diaphragm

84
Q

function of alveoli

A

site of gas exchange

85
Q

what is occupational asthma

A

occurs in response to trigger in the workplace

86
Q

what are some factors that can lead to obstructive sleep apnea

A

obesity, loss of upper airway muscle activity

anatomically narrow airways

87
Q

primary transport of O2

A

hemoglobin

88
Q

primary transport of CO2

A

bicarbonate

89
Q

what is COPD

A

a disease characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction that is attributed to either chronic bronchitis or emphysema

90
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

air that reaches the alveoli

91
Q

what is the pressure like during inspiration

A

lower pressure while increasing volume compared to environment

92
Q

what is cough variant asthma

A

dry, unproductive cough

93
Q

what does an epidemiologist do

A

observes and compares health problems through scientific data

94
Q

hypertension is frequently associated with

A

normal cardiac output and elevated total peripheral resistance

95
Q

in inspiration what happens to rib cage

A

ribs rise, increasing volume

96
Q

what is hypertension also known as

A

silent killer

97
Q

what is diffusion with partial pressure

A

gas moving from a region where its partial pressure is high to a region where a partial pressure is low

98
Q

what arteries supply the myocardium

A

the coronary arteries

99
Q

which is good LDL or HDL

A

HDL

100
Q

what is repolarization

A

relax

101
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

total amount of air moved in and out of the lungs over 1 minute

102
Q

what else can occur during exercised induced asthma that could cause an attack

A

inhale air through mouth that is cold and drier

muscles in airways react to this and constrict

103
Q

hypertension number

A

greater than 140/90

104
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

from respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

where gas exchange takes place

105
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

approx measure of force blood exerts on arterial walls when heart is not contracting

106
Q

during expiration what happens to rib cage

A

ribs lower which decreases volume

107
Q

treatment for cancer

A

surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy

108
Q

what is bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heart beat

109
Q

what is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

A

endothelial injury, lipids accumulate and precipitate, formation of atheroma, secondary fibrosis and calcification

110
Q

function of capillaries

A

sites of nutrient and fluid exchange between blood and tissues

111
Q

how to find pulse pressure

A

systolic minus diastolic

112
Q

what does elasticity mean in respiration

A

the ability of the lungs to return to their original shape and size after inhaling

113
Q

what is essential hypertension

A

no identifiable cause, ex: genetics

114
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air you inhale and exhale into lungs

115
Q

what is chronic

A

one that lasts longer than 3 months, non contagious

116
Q

what is time analysis

A

distribution of disease over time

117
Q

what are some complications from a myocardial infarction

A

arrhythmias, heart failure, intracardiac thrombi, pericarditis, cardiac rupture, papillary muscle dysfunction, ventricular aneurysm

118
Q

what are the three types of data analysis

A

person, place and time

119
Q

what does hypertension damage

A

the endothelium

120
Q

what does hypertension cause

A

heart disease followed by stroke and renal failure

121
Q

what is forced expiratory volume

A

amount of air expired during the first second of a maximal exhalation after a maximal inspiration

122
Q

when does ischemia occur

A

when heart demands extra oxygen

physical activity, eating, excitement or stress, exposure to cold

123
Q

how does cancer begin

A

mutations occur in DNA that affect normal cell growth and division

124
Q

what is an early sign of obstructive sleep apnea

A

snoring

125
Q

what is prevalence

A

total number of cases of a disease at a given time, all individuals affected by a disease at a particular time and its influenced by incidence rate and persistance of the disease

126
Q

what is cholesterol

A

fatty, waxy substance found in foods and synthesized by the body

127
Q

what is asthma

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that leads to airway hyperactivity, airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms

128
Q

what is health

A

complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

129
Q

how can you find BP given an equation

A

COxTPR

130
Q

what are some modifiable risk factors in myocardial infarction

A

hypertension, lipid profile (high LDL, high triglycerols, low HDL)
physical inactivity, smoking, diabetes type 2, obesity, diet, alcohol and stress

131
Q

what is a tumor

A

any abnormal swelling, lump or mass

132
Q

what is the av valve called in the right side of the heart

A

tricuspid

133
Q

what are some environmental factors of asthma

A

smog in air, cold outside, exercise, occupational, foods

134
Q

what is anatomical dead space

A

space that ventilation occupies

135
Q

mutations can be caused by

A

carcinogens
genetics
hormones
viruses

136
Q

what is a metastasis

A

the process of cancer cells spreading to other areas of the body

137
Q

what is used to diagnose certain lung conditions

A

forced expiratory volume

138
Q

what is the most important risk factor in lung cancer

A

smoking

139
Q

what side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood

A

left side, atrium to ventricle to aortic arch to systemic circulation

140
Q

what is acute

A

a disease with a rapid onset or shorter course

141
Q

what is obstructive sleep apnea

A

caused by the narrowing or collapse of the upper airways during inspiration

142
Q

how does gas exchange occur

A

diffusion by partial pressure gradient

143
Q

what are the two general types of sleep apnea

A

central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea

144
Q

what are the types of asthma

A

child onset, adult onset, cough variant, occupational, nocturnal, steriod resistant, exercise induced

145
Q

what part of the body determines wether to increase or decrease rate of ventilation

A

brainstem

146
Q

when can athersclerosis start

A

as early as one year of age

147
Q

where does lung cancer occur

A

in the cells lining air passages

148
Q

what is inspiration

A

movement of air from external environment to alveoli

149
Q

what is exercise induced asthma

A

shortness of breath, wheezing after strenuous exercise

150
Q

what happens in tachycardia

A

heart beats so fast that it doesnt have time to relax and fill, therefor not supplying enough blood to body

151
Q

what are some host factors of asthma

A

genetics, hormones in body, allergen, viruses

152
Q

what is the av valve called in the left side of the heart

A

mitral

153
Q

what is emphysema

A

abnormal permanent enlargement of the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli
damaged alveoli, oxygen deprivation, diminished elasticity

154
Q

what does low compliance mean

A

that greater than normal pressure must be generated to produce a given amount of lung expansion

155
Q

what are the consequences to untreated sleep apnea

A

pulmonary hypertension and strain on the right side of the heart
lead to heart failure and death

156
Q

what is the muscle like of the ventricle

A

thick, because it contracts

157
Q

what is the main function of the respiratory system

A

provide oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood

158
Q

what can cause bradycardia

A

changes in heart due to aging, CAD, heart attack, endocarditis, myocarditis, hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, medications

159
Q

what is in the conducting zone

A

from trachea to beginning of bronchioles

no gas exchange

160
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction

A 
angina pectoris (pain, heaviness, pressure, aching, burning, numbness, fullness)
nausea, vomitting, faintness, sweating and claminess
161
Q

what is white coat hypertension

A

elevated BP due to seeing health care personnel

162
Q

what is an ECG

A

primary tool for evaluating the electrical events within the heart

163
Q

what are the four non small cell lung cancers

A

adenocarcinomas
squamous cell carcinomas
large cell carcinomas
bronchial carcinoids

164
Q

what is a malignant tumor

A

cancers are malignant

aggressive and invasive

165
Q

what are atrioventricular valves

A

valves that separate the atrium and ventricle

166
Q

in inspiration what happens to diaphragm

A

diaphragm descends or flattens to increase volume of chest

167
Q

symptoms of non small cell lung cancers

A

weight loss, shortness of breath, chronic cough, cough up blood

168
Q

what is tachycardia

A

abnormally fast heart beat

169
Q

what are some of the signs and symptoms of asthma

A

breathlessness, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, hyperresponsive lower airway, hyperinflated lungs

170
Q

what is child onset asthma

A

occurs during childhood, due to genetics where child becomes sensitized to common allergens in the environment

171
Q

what is the interventricular septum

A

a thick wall that separates the right and left side of the heart

172
Q

what are the two main types of lung cancer

A

small cell and non small cell

173
Q

what is the smilunar valve called on the left side of the heart

A

aortic

174
Q

pre hypertension number

A

120-139/80-89

175
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

presence of a productive cough most days during 3 consecutive months in two years
hypersecretion of mucus

176
Q

what is ischemia

A

insufficient blood flow to the heart due to narrowing of arteries

177
Q

what is the leading cause of death in the US

A

coronary artery disease

178
Q

what is vital capacity

A

largest volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration

179
Q

what is the first step in asthma related incident

A

remove the stressor

Scientific Principles of Health and Disease (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions