Test One Flashcards
what is residual volume
volume of air remaining in lungs after a complete exhilation
air in alveoli
what side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood
right side, atrium to ventricle to pulmonary artery to lungs
what are the two zones beyond the larynx
conducting zone and the respiratory zone
what is epidemiology
the study of the determinance and distribution of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
are fat cells permanent
yes
what is a benign tumor
self limiting
non spreading
can sometimes turn into malignant
what is a symptom
something a patient experiences
cannot be measured
ex: headache or pain
what is the function of the aortic and pulmonary valve
prevent blood flow from moving in the opposite direction during cardiac cycle
what is person anaylsis
distribution of disease based on characteristics such as age, race, gender
what ages do you see asthma
6 to 40
function of the ventricle
contract/pressure to push blood into arteries
what does the node do
pacemaker, tells the heart to contract or relax
what is the pressure like during expiration
higher pressure while decreasing volume compared to environment
what is the lining like in the alveoli
very thin for blood gas barrier
what is secondary hypertension
caused by specific defect such as renal disease or endocrine abnormalities
what is depolarization
contraction
during expiration what happens to diaphragm
diaphragm moves up
what does asthma affect the most
bronchi and bronchioles
sudden death from a myocardial infarction is due to
ventricular fibrillation
what is the effect of atherosclerosis on blood flow
shorten the diameter of the artery
what are two types of lung disorders
obstructive and restrictive
what does compliance mean during respiration
the magnitude of the change in lung volume produced by a change in pressure
what is adult onset asthma
develops after age 20
may or may not be caused by allergens
what is neoplasm
describe an abnormal proliferation of genetically altered cells
what is the therapy for asthma
reduce inflammation
overcome acute excessive airway smooth muscle contraction with bronchodilators
what is cancer
collection of diseases that can originate in any organ system, spread to other organ systems, and has multiple etiologies
what are the types of hypertension
essential hypertension and secondary hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, malignant hypertension and white coat hypertension
what is atherosclerosis
build up of plaque in the major arteries of the body
arterial endothelium progressively becomes thick, rigid, with irregular contour
what is ventricular fibrillation
uncoordinated ventricular contractions ineffective in producing flow
where is supraventricular tachycardia located
in atria
what is total lung capacity
entire volume of air that can be contained in the lung
what happens during a myocardial infarction
death of some heart muscle due to a blood clot causing a complete lack of blood flow
how to diagnose COPD
pulmonary function test
chest x ray
cant distinguish chronic bronchitis and emphysema
what happens during obstructive lung diseases
narrowing of respiratory airways
what are the four components of respiratory function
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration
what is isolated systolic hypertension
may be due to reduced compliance of the aorta with increasing age
greater than 140 but diastolic is less than 90
what type of muscle is in the heart
cardiac muscle, striated
what is expiration
movement of air from alveoli to the external environment
what is small cell lung cancer
spreads rapidly
chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up bloody phlegm
discovered when too late
what are the signs of lung cancer
coughing, wheezing, raspy or hoarse voice, dropping weight, swollen lymph nodes about collarbone
palpable mass in abdominal area
if there are symptoms of hypertension what would they be
headache followed by tiredness,confusion, vision changes, angina, heart failure, blood in urine, nosebleed, irregular heart beat, ear noise or buzzing
what is the bpm for tachycardia
greater than 100 bpm
what happens during restrictive lung diseases
respiratory movements are impaired
what is incidence rate
number of new cases of disease that develop within a specific period in a specified population
diagnosis of lung cancer
examinations of mucus or lung fluid
biopsy
pathophysiology of asthma
smooth muscle surrounding airway contracts strongly, increasing airway resistance
what are symptoms of hypertension
no symptoms
what are non modifiable risk factors
genetics, physiological/ metabolic factors
what is a sign
something that can be observed or detected by someone other than the patient
ex: temp
what is the semilunar valve called in the right side of the heart
pulmonary
what is normal blood pressure
120/80
what are symptoms of sleep apnea
excessive daytime sleepiness restless sleep loud snoring breathing cessation abrupt awakenings awakening with dry mouth or sore throat
what is steriod resistant asthma
asthma that does not respond to corticosteroids
what is hypertension
level of blood pressure at which a person has an increased risk of developing a morbid cardiovascular evert or will clearly benefit from medical therapy
what are modifiable risk factors
not work out, eating horrible
what is malignant hypertension
rapid developing, extremely high bp
180/120
what is the bpm for bradycardia
less than 60
what happens in coronary heart disease
narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart
CAD
what is cardiac output
how much blood is being pumped into the arteries
what carries cholesterol in the body
lipoproteins through the blood
cessation of respiration can result in
hypoxia and hypercapnia in blood
what is disease
a pathological process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms
what is myocardial infarction
heart attack
what is nocturnal asthma
occurs between midnight and 8 am
due to bodys natural rhythm
melatonin increase at night causing airway inflammation
increased bp is due to
increase in cardiac output and elevated total peripheral resistance by inducing vasoconstriction
what is place analyses
distribution of disease based on geographic region
what are some characteristics of asthma
increased responsiveness of trachea and bronchi to stimuli
inflammation of airways
intermittent bronchospasms
bronchi and bronchioles are narrowed and often occluded with excessive mucus
systolic blood pressure
approx measure of force blood exerts on arterial walls when heart contracts
reprecussions of malignant hypertension
organ failure, hypertensive emergency
definition of ventilation
the processes of air moving into the lungs
what is dead space ventilation
unused breath/ventilation
air loss between nasal cavity and trachea
what is central sleep apnea
due to neural problem
what is wolff-parkinson white syndrome
an extra electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles will cause a tachycardia
what is the muscle like of the atrium
thin because does not need to contract
what is sleep apnea
the periodic cessation of breathing during sleep
the respiratory system is composed of
two lungs and airways
where is ventricular tachycardia located
in ventricles
vascular resistance increases
pressure
what is a risk factor
a characteristic, condition, or behavior such as high blood pressure or smoking that increases the possibility of disease or injury
where do you usually see bradycardia
in athletes
function of the atria
receive and store blood when the ventricle contracts
what can rupture in the arteries that can stop blood flow
atheroma
what would be located in the thorax
lungs, rib cage, intercostal muscles, diaphragm
function of alveoli
site of gas exchange
what is occupational asthma
occurs in response to trigger in the workplace
what are some factors that can lead to obstructive sleep apnea
obesity, loss of upper airway muscle activity
anatomically narrow airways
primary transport of O2
hemoglobin
primary transport of CO2
bicarbonate
what is COPD
a disease characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction that is attributed to either chronic bronchitis or emphysema
what is alveolar ventilation
air that reaches the alveoli
what is the pressure like during inspiration
lower pressure while increasing volume compared to environment
what is cough variant asthma
dry, unproductive cough
what does an epidemiologist do
observes and compares health problems through scientific data
hypertension is frequently associated with
normal cardiac output and elevated total peripheral resistance
in inspiration what happens to rib cage
ribs rise, increasing volume
what is hypertension also known as
silent killer
what is diffusion with partial pressure
gas moving from a region where its partial pressure is high to a region where a partial pressure is low
what arteries supply the myocardium
the coronary arteries
which is good LDL or HDL
HDL
what is repolarization
relax
what is minute ventilation
total amount of air moved in and out of the lungs over 1 minute
what else can occur during exercised induced asthma that could cause an attack
inhale air through mouth that is cold and drier
muscles in airways react to this and constrict
hypertension number
greater than 140/90
what is the respiratory zone
from respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs
where gas exchange takes place
diastolic blood pressure
approx measure of force blood exerts on arterial walls when heart is not contracting
during expiration what happens to rib cage
ribs lower which decreases volume
treatment for cancer
surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
what is bradycardia
abnormally slow heart beat
what is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
endothelial injury, lipids accumulate and precipitate, formation of atheroma, secondary fibrosis and calcification
function of capillaries
sites of nutrient and fluid exchange between blood and tissues
how to find pulse pressure
systolic minus diastolic
what does elasticity mean in respiration
the ability of the lungs to return to their original shape and size after inhaling
what is essential hypertension
no identifiable cause, ex: genetics
what is tidal volume
the amount of air you inhale and exhale into lungs
what is chronic
one that lasts longer than 3 months, non contagious
what is time analysis
distribution of disease over time
what are some complications from a myocardial infarction
arrhythmias, heart failure, intracardiac thrombi, pericarditis, cardiac rupture, papillary muscle dysfunction, ventricular aneurysm
what are the three types of data analysis
person, place and time
what does hypertension damage
the endothelium
what does hypertension cause
heart disease followed by stroke and renal failure
what is forced expiratory volume
amount of air expired during the first second of a maximal exhalation after a maximal inspiration
when does ischemia occur
when heart demands extra oxygen
physical activity, eating, excitement or stress, exposure to cold
how does cancer begin
mutations occur in DNA that affect normal cell growth and division
what is an early sign of obstructive sleep apnea
snoring
what is prevalence
total number of cases of a disease at a given time, all individuals affected by a disease at a particular time and its influenced by incidence rate and persistance of the disease
what is cholesterol
fatty, waxy substance found in foods and synthesized by the body
what is asthma
chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that leads to airway hyperactivity, airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms
what is health
complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
how can you find BP given an equation
COxTPR
what are some modifiable risk factors in myocardial infarction
hypertension, lipid profile (high LDL, high triglycerols, low HDL)
physical inactivity, smoking, diabetes type 2, obesity, diet, alcohol and stress
what is a tumor
any abnormal swelling, lump or mass
what is the av valve called in the right side of the heart
tricuspid
what are some environmental factors of asthma
smog in air, cold outside, exercise, occupational, foods
what is anatomical dead space
space that ventilation occupies
mutations can be caused by
carcinogens
genetics
hormones
viruses
what is a metastasis
the process of cancer cells spreading to other areas of the body
what is used to diagnose certain lung conditions
forced expiratory volume
what is the most important risk factor in lung cancer
smoking
what side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood
left side, atrium to ventricle to aortic arch to systemic circulation
what is acute
a disease with a rapid onset or shorter course
what is obstructive sleep apnea
caused by the narrowing or collapse of the upper airways during inspiration
how does gas exchange occur
diffusion by partial pressure gradient
what are the two general types of sleep apnea
central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea
what are the types of asthma
child onset, adult onset, cough variant, occupational, nocturnal, steriod resistant, exercise induced
what part of the body determines wether to increase or decrease rate of ventilation
brainstem
when can athersclerosis start
as early as one year of age
where does lung cancer occur
in the cells lining air passages
what is inspiration
movement of air from external environment to alveoli
what is exercise induced asthma
shortness of breath, wheezing after strenuous exercise
what happens in tachycardia
heart beats so fast that it doesnt have time to relax and fill, therefor not supplying enough blood to body
what are some host factors of asthma
genetics, hormones in body, allergen, viruses
what is the av valve called in the left side of the heart
mitral
what is emphysema
abnormal permanent enlargement of the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli
damaged alveoli, oxygen deprivation, diminished elasticity
what does low compliance mean
that greater than normal pressure must be generated to produce a given amount of lung expansion
what are the consequences to untreated sleep apnea
pulmonary hypertension and strain on the right side of the heart
lead to heart failure and death
what is the muscle like of the ventricle
thick, because it contracts
what is the main function of the respiratory system
provide oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood
what can cause bradycardia
changes in heart due to aging, CAD, heart attack, endocarditis, myocarditis, hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, medications
what is in the conducting zone
from trachea to beginning of bronchioles
no gas exchange
what are some signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction
angina pectoris (pain, heaviness, pressure, aching, burning, numbness, fullness) nausea, vomitting, faintness, sweating and claminess
what is white coat hypertension
elevated BP due to seeing health care personnel
what is an ECG
primary tool for evaluating the electrical events within the heart
what are the four non small cell lung cancers
adenocarcinomas
squamous cell carcinomas
large cell carcinomas
bronchial carcinoids
what is a malignant tumor
cancers are malignant
aggressive and invasive
what are atrioventricular valves
valves that separate the atrium and ventricle
in inspiration what happens to diaphragm
diaphragm descends or flattens to increase volume of chest
symptoms of non small cell lung cancers
weight loss, shortness of breath, chronic cough, cough up blood
what is tachycardia
abnormally fast heart beat
what are some of the signs and symptoms of asthma
breathlessness, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, hyperresponsive lower airway, hyperinflated lungs
what is child onset asthma
occurs during childhood, due to genetics where child becomes sensitized to common allergens in the environment
what is the interventricular septum
a thick wall that separates the right and left side of the heart
what are the two main types of lung cancer
small cell and non small cell
what is the smilunar valve called on the left side of the heart
aortic
pre hypertension number
120-139/80-89
what is chronic bronchitis
presence of a productive cough most days during 3 consecutive months in two years
hypersecretion of mucus
what is ischemia
insufficient blood flow to the heart due to narrowing of arteries
what is the leading cause of death in the US
coronary artery disease
what is vital capacity
largest volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration
what is the first step in asthma related incident
remove the stressor
