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Scientific Principles of Health and Disease > Test Three > Flashcards

Test Three Flashcards

1
Q

what is endocrinology

A

the study of hormones, the glands that secrete hormones, target/receptor organs, and related disorders

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2
Q

endocrinology

A

the study of how the cells use chemical agents ( hormones) to communicate with each other to adjust bodily functions

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3
Q

function of endocrine system

A

integrates and regulates bodily functions, providing stability to the internal environment

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4
Q

what is homeostasis

A

internal environment stability

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5
Q

what is the body’s two major communication systems

A

nervous and endocrine system

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6
Q

what kind of communication does the nervous system provide

A

rapid communcation

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7
Q

what kind of communication does the endocrine system provide

A

longer delays and effects last longer`

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8
Q

the endocrine system consists of

A

host organ (gland), chemical messengers (hormones), and a target/ receptor organ

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9
Q

can an endocrine gland secrete multiple hormones

A

yes

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10
Q

what are the functions of the endocrine system

A

homeostasis
energy regulation (metabolism, during exercise)
growth and development (puberty, aging)
reproduction

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11
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical substance secreted by a specialized gland into the blood where it is carried to target tissue where it binds to specific receptors and exerts a biological effect

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12
Q

hormones bind to receptors located on what

A

target tissue

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13
Q

what is lock and key

A

specific hormones bind to specific receptors

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14
Q

where do you find hormone receptors

A

plasma membrane

intracellular

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15
Q

what are the three types of hormones

A

amines
steroids
peptides/ proteins

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16
Q

what is the most common type of hormone

A

peptide/ protein

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17
Q

what are the patters of hormone secretion

A

pulsatile
cyclical release
episodic

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18
Q

what is pulsatile

A

released in pulses, frequent

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19
Q

what is cyclical release hormone

A

circadian/ diurnal (24 hours)

monthly

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20
Q

what is episodic hormone

A

released in response to certain stimuli

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21
Q

what are the three types of hormone interaction

A

permissiveness
synergism
antagonism

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22
Q

what is permissiveness

A

one hormone cannot exert its full effect without the presence of a second hormone or a greater quantity of the first hormone

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23
Q

what is synergism

A

when hormone A and hormone B are producing the same effects at the target tissue, their combined effects are amplified

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24
Q

what is antagonism

A

hormone A opposes the action of hormone B

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25
Q

what are the two feedback loops

A

negative and positive

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26
Q

what is negative feedback

A

an increase in a hormone brings about a response that decreases the level of that hormone

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27
Q

what is positive feedback

A

an increase in a hormone brings about a response that increases the level of that hormone

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28
Q

hormones released by the hypothalamus controls what

A

the release of pituitary hormones

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29
Q

what hormones are released by the hypothalamus

A 
growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin- inhibiting hormone (PIH)
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30
Q

what composes the pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

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31
Q

what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland

A 
prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Leutenizing hormone (LH)
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32
Q

what is the main function of prolactin

A

stimulate milk production after childbirth

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33
Q

prolactin secretion is controlled by

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone PIH

Dopamine

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34
Q

what is the main function of growth hormone

A

stimulate tissue growth

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35
Q

growth hormone stimulates what hormone

A

insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

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36
Q

growth hormone is regulated by what hormone

A

GHRH

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37
Q

what can increase growth hormone

A

exercise

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38
Q

hyposecretion of growth hormone causes

A

dwarfism

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39
Q

hypersecretion of growth hormone causes

A

gigantism and acromegaly

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40
Q

ACTH stimulates what

A

release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex

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41
Q

high concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone does what

A

causes lipolysis by fat cells and increased melanin synthesis and skin darkening

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42
Q

ACTH is released in response to

A

stress and low blood glucose concentrations

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43
Q

function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

initiation of spermatogenesis in males

stimulates ovarian follicle development in females

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44
Q

function of lutenizing hormone

A

enhances testosterone production

stimulates ovulation and estrogen production

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45
Q

what affects LH levels

A

anxiety

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46
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

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47
Q

function of oxytocin

A

stimulates muscles in uterus and breast
causes milk ejection in nursing mothers
causes contraction during childbirth (positive feedback)

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48
Q

function of ADH

A

limits how much urine the kidneys produce

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49
Q

hyposecretion of ADH causes

A

diabetes insipidus (Frequent urination)

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50
Q

what inhibits ADH

A

alcohol

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51
Q

what hormones do the thyroid produce

A

T3 and T4

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52
Q

what is another name for T3

A

triiodothyronine

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53
Q

what is another name for T4

A

thryoxine

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54
Q

hyposecretion of TSH causes

A

cretinism (severely stunted physical and mental growth)

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55
Q

hypersecretion of TSH causes

A

increase in size of thyroid (goiter)

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56
Q

Function of T3 and T4

A

stimulates metabolic rate and regulates cell growth and activity

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57
Q

hypersecretion of T3 and T4 causes

A

decreased metabolism and body temp, cold intolerance, decreased appetite, weight gain, elevated cholesterol, decreased protein synthesis, hypotension, and growth retardation

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58
Q

hyposecretion of T3 and T4 causes

A

increased metabolism and body temp, heat intolerance, increased appetite, weight loss, hypertension, and muscle atrophy

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59
Q

what hormone does the parathyroid gland release

A

parathyroid hormone PTH

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60
Q

function of parathyroid hormone

A

regulates calcium levels in blood

necessary for bone development

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61
Q

hyposecretion of PTH

A

hypocalcemia

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62
Q

hypersecretion of PTH

A

leaching of calcium from bones

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63
Q

what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol and aldosterone

essential for life

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64
Q

what are the hormones of the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
not essential for life

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65
Q

function of pancreas

A

maintain stable blood sugar levels

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66
Q

what hormones do the pancreas release

A

insulin and glucagon

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67
Q

what specifically secretes insulin

A

beta cells in pancreas

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68
Q

function of insulin

A

promotes carbohydrate transport into cells

decrease blood glucose levels

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69
Q

hyposecretion of insulin

A

type 1 diabetes

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70
Q

hypersecretion of insulin

A

hypoglycemia, anxiety, nervousness, weakness

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71
Q

what specifically secretes glucagon

A

alpha cells of pancreas

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72
Q

function of glucagon

A

increases blood glucose levels

causes liver to release glucose to blood

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73
Q

hyposecretion of glucagon

A

hypoglylcemia

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74
Q

hypersecretion of glucagon

A

hyperglycemia

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75
Q

function of the pineal gland

A

releases melatonin

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76
Q

where is melatonin derived from

A

serotonin

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77
Q

what type of variation does melatonin have

A

diurinal

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78
Q

testes secrete what hormone

A

testosterone

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79
Q

function of testosterone

A

maintain sex drive, sperm production, male hair patterns, muscle mass, and bone mass
increases rbc production

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80
Q

what controls the secretion of testosterone

A

FSH and LH

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81
Q

what hormone does the ovaries secrete

A

estrogen and progesterone

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82
Q

function of estrogen and progesterone

A

develop and maintain female sex traits
maintain pregnancy
control menstrual cycle
increase fat deposition

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83
Q

what controls the secretion of estrogen and progesterone

A

LH and FSH

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84
Q

what kind of things can endocrine disorders affect

A

imbalances in metabolism
impaired growth
high or low bp
loss of fertility

85
Q

what is hyporesponsiveness

A

reduced response of the target cells

86
Q

what is hyperresponsiveness

A

increased response of the target cells

87
Q

what is a primary endocrine disorder

A

occurs in gland that directly secretes the hormone

88
Q

what is the secondary endocrine disorder

A

occurs in the gland that controls the primary gland

89
Q

what is the tertiary endocrine disorder

A

occurs in the gland that controls the gland that controls the primary gland

90
Q

where can hypothyroidism originate from

A

thyroid gland, anterior pituitary or hypothalamus

91
Q

95% of hypothyroidism is caused by

A

defect of loss in the tissue of the thyroid gland or due to inadequate iodine intake

92
Q

with low thyroid hormone levels, what is elevated

A

TSH

93
Q

high TSH levels cause what

A

enlargement of thyroid

goiter

94
Q

causes of primary hypothyroidism

A 
loss of functional tissue
autoimmune thyroiditis
reversible autoimmune hypothroidism
surgery and radiation
infiltrative and infectious diseases
thyroid dysgenesis
born with small or underdeveloped thyroid
95
Q

what is hashimotos disease

A

autoimmune thyroiditis
destruction of thyrocytes
more common in women

96
Q

how do you treat hashimotos disease

A

thyroid hormone replacement therapy

sometimes there is spontaneous recovery

97
Q

what is a treatment for hyperthyroidism

A

radioiodine
destroys thyroid tissue
most common treatment

98
Q

what is a potential outcome of thyroid removal

A

hypothyroidism because not producing the same amount of hormone as before

99
Q

effects of thyroid deficiencies in children

A

ossification is delayed
retarding bone age
malformation of facial bones
mental retardation

100
Q

effects of thyroid deficiencies in adults

A

decreased cardiac output
decreased sympathetic activity
impaired memory
slowed reflexes

101
Q

what is graves disease

A

hyperthyroid autoimmune disease

antibodies in blood stimulate thyroid to grow and secrete too much thyroid hormone

102
Q

what are some symptoms of graves disease

A

difficulty sleeping
muscular weakness (upper arms and thighs)
more frequent bowel movements
orbital cavity enlargement causing eyes to bulge forward

103
Q

how to diagnose thyroid problem

A

measure serum thyroid hormone levels in blood

104
Q

TSH will be high, while T4 will be low, suggesting a thyroid problem

A

primary hypothyroidism

105
Q

a low TSH level with a low T4 level, suggesting a pituitary problem

A

secondary hypothyroidism

106
Q

T3 and/or T4 will be high and a low TSH level may suggest the thyroid is overactive

A

primary hyperthyroidism

107
Q

High TSH level causing high T3 and/or T4 levels may suggest the pituitary is overactive

A

secondary hyperthyroidism

108
Q

pituitary disorders are caused by

A

pituitary tumors

109
Q

what kind of tumors are pituitary tumors

A

mostly benign

110
Q

what are non secretory tumors

A

does not over produce hormones, may cause hyposecretion

but can still cause problems due to its size and location

111
Q

non secretory tumors cause

A

headaches and visions problems

112
Q

how are non secretory tumors found

A

MRI

113
Q

hypopituitarism most often affects what hormone first

A

growth hormone

114
Q

symptoms of hypopituitarism

A

depend on hormone
GH: inadequate growth
TSH: hypothyroidsim
ADH: diabetes insipidus

115
Q

how is hypopituitarism

A

hormone replacement therapy

116
Q

male symptoms of hypopituitarism

A

erectile dysfunction

decrease in facial hair or body hair

117
Q

female symptoms of hypopituitarism

A

amenorhea, absence of menstration
infertility
inability to produce milk for breast feeding
stunted growth in children

118
Q

non tumor causes of hypopituitarism

A 
head injury
brain surgery
radiation treatment
stroke
autoimmune disorder
infections of the brain
tuberculosis
genetic mutations
119
Q

growth hormone excess causes

A

acromegaly and gigantism

120
Q

what causes growth hormone excess

A

pituitary tumor

slow growing

121
Q

if the pituitary tumor arises after puberty, after growth plates have fused, what occurs

A

acromegaly

122
Q

what happens in acromegaly

A 
bones thicken
jaw enlarges and forehead thickens
enlarged lips, nose and tongue
deepening of voice due to enlarged sinuses and vocal cords
body organs enlarge
joint aches
thick, coarse, oily skin
skin tags
123
Q

if pituitary tumor arises before puberty, before growth plates have fused, what happens

A

gigantism

124
Q

health consequences to high levels of GH

A 
type 2 diabetes
hypertension
increase risk of cardiovascular disease
arthritis
increased risk for colon polyps
125
Q

diagnosis of GH in pituitary

A 
blood tests ( check GH and IGF-1)
imaging
126
Q

children with GH deficiency will have normal what

A

intelligence and body dimensions

127
Q

how does adult GH deficiency occur

A

damage to pituitary gland or tumor treatment

128
Q

common symptoms of adult GH deficiency

A

increased body fat, decreased muscle mass, fatigue, sexual dysfunction

129
Q

what is addisons disease

A

adrenal insufficiency from tumors or from autoimmune attack destroying part of the adrenal gland

130
Q

what is cushings syndrome

A

excess cortisol in blood

uncontrolled catabolism of bone, muscle, skin, and other organs

131
Q

signs of cushings syndrome

A 
obesity
buffalo hump
hypertension
diabetes
osteoporosis
132
Q

what is hypergonadism in men

A

extra X chromosome

decrease testosterone production

133
Q

primary, secondary of hypogonadism

A

primary: testicular failure
secondary: FSH/LH failure
development of breast

134
Q

how many bones in the body

A

206

135
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A 
give body shape
protect and support organs
provide levers on which muscles pull
store calcium and other minerals
production of blood cells
does not generate heat
136
Q

where are blood cells formed in bones

A

central marrow cavity

137
Q

what kind of minerals that make up most of bone weight

A

calcium and phosphate

138
Q

what is cortical bone

A

hard, compact

shafts of long bones, typically surrounds outside of bone

139
Q

function of cortical bone

A

mechanical and protective, aid as protective layer

140
Q

what is trabecular (spongy) bone

A

loosely organized porous matrix

ends of long bones and within vertebrae

141
Q

function of spongy bone

A

metabolic

chemical reactions to maintain living state of cells

142
Q

what is bone modeling

A

alterations in the shape of the bone such as changes in length

143
Q

what is bone remodeling

A

a constant state of formation and resorption

144
Q

when does bone modeling occur

A

ceases around age 18-20

skeleton stops growing

145
Q

when does bone remodeling occur

A

throughout life span, but decreases with age

146
Q

osteoclasts

A

resorptions
erode old bone
immature bone cells

147
Q

osteoblasts

A

form new bone
formation
immature bone cells

148
Q

which part of the bone remodeling process involves osteoblasts filling in cut away bone

A

reversal

149
Q

bone remodeling is what kind of process

A

coupled

150
Q

what type of bone remodeling is in healthy adult bones

A

rate of resorption= rate of formation

151
Q

what is “uncoupling” bone remodeling

A

greater resportion with normal formation

abnormally low formation with normal resorption

152
Q

what are the three types of bone cells

A

osteoclasts
osteoblasts
osteocytes

153
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

osteoblasts become osteocytes

154
Q

function of osteocytes

A

become incorporated within the newly found osteoid and eventually become calcified bone

155
Q

how does estrogen act in ways to increase or maintain bone mass

A

increases calcium absorption in gut
decreases bone resorption
decreases calcium excretion in urine

156
Q

main function of vitamin D

A

stimulate absorption of calcium by the intestine

157
Q

where can you obtain vitamin D

A

diet and sunlight

158
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

pathological condition associated with a loss of bone mass caused by increased bone resorption and/or decreased bone formation

159
Q

what is osteoporosis characterized as

A

decreased bone mineral density and a deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone leading to increased bone fragility and increased risk of fracture

160
Q

what happens to our bones after age 30

A

bone breaks down faster than new bone can be formed

161
Q

why is osteoporosis more common in women

A

bone loss accelerates after menopause due to decrease in estrogen
have lower bone mass than men

162
Q

low bone mineral density is often found in what type of women

A

young amenorrheic

163
Q

what are the two important factors in the development of osteoporosis

A

peak bone mass (density)

rate of bone loss

164
Q

what are risk factors for osteoporosis

A 
advancing age
gender
hormonal imbalances
thing build or small frame
inactivity 
low calcium intake
excessive alcohol intake
smoking
165
Q

the primary means of assessing bone health is to

A

measure bone mineral density

166
Q

where do you measure BMD

A

spine, hip (femoral neck), and wrist

167
Q

what is the most widely technique used to assess BMD

A

DXA

dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

168
Q

what are the symptoms of osteoporosis

A

bone loss occurs without symptoms

nothing until bump and fracture bone

169
Q

a collapsed vertebrae can initially be felt or seen in the form of

A

severe back pain, loss of height, or spine deformities

170
Q

what are the most susceptible bones to fracture with osteoporosis

A

spine, hip and wrist

171
Q

how can you prevent osteoporosis

A

high peak bone mass early in life
diet high in calcium and vitamin D
high intensity weight bearing and resistance training
no smoking or excessive alcohol

172
Q

what can you take to help with osteoporosis

A

calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation

hormone replacement therapy

173
Q

what is a joint

A

the junction of two or more bones

174
Q

what are the three types of joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

175
Q

what is a fibrous joint

A

allow virtually no movement

sutures in skull

176
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint

A

allow limited movement

intervertebral discs

177
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

allow considerable movement

elbow and knee

178
Q

what joint do you find arthritis in

A

synovial joint

179
Q

what are the important features of synovial joints

A

low friction and large range of motion

180
Q

what are some aspects of synovial joints

A

smooth cartilage
synovial fluid
ligaments
cartilage

181
Q

what covers the ends of each bone at the synovial joint

A

smooth cartilage

182
Q

the entire joint is in a capsule filled with

A

synovial fluid

183
Q

function of articular cartilage

A

covers articulating surfaces of the bone
absorbs shock
reduces friction

184
Q

function of synovial membrane

A

lines the joint

seals into a joint capsule

185
Q

function of synovial fluid

A 
lubricates the joint
nourishes chondrocytes ( cartilage cells)
absorbs shock
186
Q

what is a meniscus

A

wedge-shaped fibrocartilage pads

allow for shape variations of joint surfaces and can restrict joint movement

187
Q

what is bursae

A

fluid filled sacs that help cushion the friction in a joint

188
Q

what is a ligament

A

tough, elastic band of connective tissue surround the joint to give support and limit the joint’s movement
connect bone to bone

189
Q

what is arthritis

A

a condition affecting the synovial joint and is characterized by inflammation, varying degrees of degeneration of joint structures and pain

190
Q

what are the two types of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis

rheumatoid arthritis

191
Q

what is the leading cause of disability in later life

A

arthritis

192
Q

what are the consequences of arthritis

A 
impaired exercise tolerance
decreased flexibility
decreased limitations
decreased endurance
decreased speed
decreased proprioception
193
Q

what is the best thing in maintaining joint function and joint nutrition

A

dynamic movements

194
Q

what can adversely affect joint health

A

insufficient and excessive motion and/or loads

195
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease with cartilage deterioration caused by injury and/or overuse

196
Q

what is a symptom of osteoarthritis

A

pain and loss of joint movement due to bone on bone contact

197
Q

manifestations of osteoarthritis

A

joint may become misshapen over time and bone spurs develop

bits of bone and cartilage may break off

198
Q

causes and factors of osteoarthritis

A

aging and/or overuse
repetitive use causes inflammation in cartilage which swells and causes pain
loss of cartilage from friction
genetic component

199
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A

begins as autoimmune inflammatory process of the synovial lining of joint

200
Q

how does inflammation result from in RA

A

erosion of the cartilage and bone and causes joint destruction

201
Q

manifestations of RA

A

joints frequently become red, swollen, painful, and tender
excessive synovial fluid production
synovium thickens with inflammation

202
Q

symptoms of RA

A 
occurs in symmetrical pattern start at hands and feet
fatigue
lack of appetite
low grade fever
muscle and joint ache and stiffness
weakness
203
Q

what can inflammation do to the body

A

can affect organs and areas of the body other than the joints

204
Q

what happens with vasculitis in RA

A

impair blood supply to tissues and lead to tissue death

205
Q

what happens to average life expectancy of someone with RA

A

shortens by 3 to 5 years

206
Q

what are secondary symptoms of RA

A 
anemia
hand and feet deformities
limited range of motion
lung inflammation
numbness or tingling
paleness
skin redness or inflammation
swollen glands
207
Q

is it hard to diagnose arthritis

A

yes due to overlapping symptoms

208
Q

what is used to diagnose arthritis

A

med history
physical exam
blood test
imaging

209
Q

treatment for arthritis

A

maintaining physical activity
drugs
braces
exercise

Scientific Principles of Health and Disease (3 decks)

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