Test Three Flashcards
1
Q
what is endocrinology
A
the study of hormones, the glands that secrete hormones, target/receptor organs, and related disorders
2
Q
endocrinology
A
the study of how the cells use chemical agents ( hormones) to communicate with each other to adjust bodily functions
3
Q
function of endocrine system
A
integrates and regulates bodily functions, providing stability to the internal environment
4
Q
what is homeostasis
A
internal environment stability
5
Q
what is the body’s two major communication systems
A
nervous and endocrine system
6
Q
what kind of communication does the nervous system provide
A
rapid communcation
7
Q
what kind of communication does the endocrine system provide
A
longer delays and effects last longer`
8
Q
the endocrine system consists of
A
host organ (gland), chemical messengers (hormones), and a target/ receptor organ
9
Q
can an endocrine gland secrete multiple hormones
A
yes
10
Q
what are the functions of the endocrine system
A
homeostasis
energy regulation (metabolism, during exercise)
growth and development (puberty, aging)
reproduction
11
Q
what is a hormone
A
a chemical substance secreted by a specialized gland into the blood where it is carried to target tissue where it binds to specific receptors and exerts a biological effect
12
Q
hormones bind to receptors located on what
A
target tissue
13
Q
what is lock and key
A
specific hormones bind to specific receptors
14
Q
where do you find hormone receptors
A
plasma membrane
intracellular
15
Q
what are the three types of hormones
A
amines
steroids
peptides/ proteins
16
Q
what is the most common type of hormone
A
peptide/ protein
17
Q
what are the patters of hormone secretion
A
pulsatile
cyclical release
episodic
18
Q
what is pulsatile
A
released in pulses, frequent
19
Q
what is cyclical release hormone
A
circadian/ diurnal (24 hours)
monthly
20
Q
what is episodic hormone
A
released in response to certain stimuli
21
Q
what are the three types of hormone interaction
A
permissiveness
synergism
antagonism
22
Q
what is permissiveness
A
one hormone cannot exert its full effect without the presence of a second hormone or a greater quantity of the first hormone
23
Q
what is synergism
A
when hormone A and hormone B are producing the same effects at the target tissue, their combined effects are amplified
24
Q
what is antagonism
A
hormone A opposes the action of hormone B
25
what are the two feedback loops
negative and positive
26
what is negative feedback
an increase in a hormone brings about a response that decreases the level of that hormone
27
what is positive feedback
an increase in a hormone brings about a response that increases the level of that hormone
28
hormones released by the hypothalamus controls what
the release of pituitary hormones
29
what hormones are released by the hypothalamus
```
growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin- inhibiting hormone (PIH)
```
30
what composes the pituitary gland
anterior and posterior pituitary
31
what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland
```
prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Leutenizing hormone (LH)
```
32
what is the main function of prolactin
stimulate milk production after childbirth
33
prolactin secretion is controlled by
prolactin inhibiting hormone PIH
| Dopamine
34
what is the main function of growth hormone
stimulate tissue growth
35
growth hormone stimulates what hormone
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
36
growth hormone is regulated by what hormone
GHRH
37
what can increase growth hormone
exercise
38
hyposecretion of growth hormone causes
dwarfism
39
hypersecretion of growth hormone causes
gigantism and acromegaly
40
ACTH stimulates what
release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
41
high concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone does what
causes lipolysis by fat cells and increased melanin synthesis and skin darkening
42
ACTH is released in response to
stress and low blood glucose concentrations
43
function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
initiation of spermatogenesis in males
| stimulates ovarian follicle development in females
44
function of lutenizing hormone
enhances testosterone production
| stimulates ovulation and estrogen production
45
what affects LH levels
anxiety
46
what hormones does the posterior pituitary release
oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
47
function of oxytocin
stimulates muscles in uterus and breast
causes milk ejection in nursing mothers
causes contraction during childbirth (positive feedback)
48
function of ADH
limits how much urine the kidneys produce
49
hyposecretion of ADH causes
diabetes insipidus (Frequent urination)
50
what inhibits ADH
alcohol
51
what hormones do the thyroid produce
T3 and T4
52
what is another name for T3
triiodothyronine
53
what is another name for T4
thryoxine
54
hyposecretion of TSH causes
cretinism (severely stunted physical and mental growth)
55
hypersecretion of TSH causes
increase in size of thyroid (goiter)
56
Function of T3 and T4
stimulates metabolic rate and regulates cell growth and activity
57
hypersecretion of T3 and T4 causes
decreased metabolism and body temp, cold intolerance, decreased appetite, weight gain, elevated cholesterol, decreased protein synthesis, hypotension, and growth retardation
58
hyposecretion of T3 and T4 causes
increased metabolism and body temp, heat intolerance, increased appetite, weight loss, hypertension, and muscle atrophy
59
what hormone does the parathyroid gland release
parathyroid hormone PTH
60
function of parathyroid hormone
regulates calcium levels in blood
| necessary for bone development
61
hyposecretion of PTH
hypocalcemia
62
hypersecretion of PTH
leaching of calcium from bones
63
what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex
cortisol and aldosterone
| essential for life
64
what are the hormones of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine
not essential for life
65
function of pancreas
maintain stable blood sugar levels
66
what hormones do the pancreas release
insulin and glucagon
67
what specifically secretes insulin
beta cells in pancreas
68
function of insulin
promotes carbohydrate transport into cells
| decrease blood glucose levels
69
hyposecretion of insulin
type 1 diabetes
70
hypersecretion of insulin
hypoglycemia, anxiety, nervousness, weakness
71
what specifically secretes glucagon
alpha cells of pancreas
72
function of glucagon
increases blood glucose levels
| causes liver to release glucose to blood
73
hyposecretion of glucagon
hypoglylcemia
74
hypersecretion of glucagon
hyperglycemia
75
function of the pineal gland
releases melatonin
76
where is melatonin derived from
serotonin
77
what type of variation does melatonin have
diurinal
78
testes secrete what hormone
testosterone
79
function of testosterone
maintain sex drive, sperm production, male hair patterns, muscle mass, and bone mass
increases rbc production
80
what controls the secretion of testosterone
FSH and LH
81
what hormone does the ovaries secrete
estrogen and progesterone
82
function of estrogen and progesterone
develop and maintain female sex traits
maintain pregnancy
control menstrual cycle
increase fat deposition
83
what controls the secretion of estrogen and progesterone
LH and FSH
84
what kind of things can endocrine disorders affect
imbalances in metabolism
impaired growth
high or low bp
loss of fertility
85
what is hyporesponsiveness
reduced response of the target cells
86
what is hyperresponsiveness
increased response of the target cells
87
what is a primary endocrine disorder
occurs in gland that directly secretes the hormone
88
what is the secondary endocrine disorder
occurs in the gland that controls the primary gland
89
what is the tertiary endocrine disorder
occurs in the gland that controls the gland that controls the primary gland
90
where can hypothyroidism originate from
thyroid gland, anterior pituitary or hypothalamus
91
95% of hypothyroidism is caused by
defect of loss in the tissue of the thyroid gland or due to inadequate iodine intake
92
with low thyroid hormone levels, what is elevated
TSH
93
high TSH levels cause what
enlargement of thyroid
| goiter
94
causes of primary hypothyroidism
```
loss of functional tissue
autoimmune thyroiditis
reversible autoimmune hypothroidism
surgery and radiation
infiltrative and infectious diseases
thyroid dysgenesis
born with small or underdeveloped thyroid
```
95
what is hashimotos disease
autoimmune thyroiditis
destruction of thyrocytes
more common in women
96
how do you treat hashimotos disease
thyroid hormone replacement therapy
| sometimes there is spontaneous recovery
97
what is a treatment for hyperthyroidism
radioiodine
destroys thyroid tissue
most common treatment
98
what is a potential outcome of thyroid removal
hypothyroidism because not producing the same amount of hormone as before
99
effects of thyroid deficiencies in children
ossification is delayed
retarding bone age
malformation of facial bones
mental retardation
100
effects of thyroid deficiencies in adults
decreased cardiac output
decreased sympathetic activity
impaired memory
slowed reflexes
101
what is graves disease
hyperthyroid autoimmune disease
| antibodies in blood stimulate thyroid to grow and secrete too much thyroid hormone
102
what are some symptoms of graves disease
difficulty sleeping
muscular weakness (upper arms and thighs)
more frequent bowel movements
orbital cavity enlargement causing eyes to bulge forward
103
how to diagnose thyroid problem
measure serum thyroid hormone levels in blood
104
TSH will be high, while T4 will be low, suggesting a thyroid problem
primary hypothyroidism
105
a low TSH level with a low T4 level, suggesting a pituitary problem
secondary hypothyroidism
106
T3 and/or T4 will be high and a low TSH level may suggest the thyroid is overactive
primary hyperthyroidism
107
High TSH level causing high T3 and/or T4 levels may suggest the pituitary is overactive
secondary hyperthyroidism
108
pituitary disorders are caused by
pituitary tumors
109
what kind of tumors are pituitary tumors
mostly benign
110
what are non secretory tumors
does not over produce hormones, may cause hyposecretion
| but can still cause problems due to its size and location
111
non secretory tumors cause
headaches and visions problems
112
how are non secretory tumors found
MRI
113
hypopituitarism most often affects what hormone first
growth hormone
114
symptoms of hypopituitarism
depend on hormone
GH: inadequate growth
TSH: hypothyroidsim
ADH: diabetes insipidus
115
how is hypopituitarism
hormone replacement therapy
116
male symptoms of hypopituitarism
erectile dysfunction
| decrease in facial hair or body hair
117
female symptoms of hypopituitarism
amenorhea, absence of menstration
infertility
inability to produce milk for breast feeding
stunted growth in children
118
non tumor causes of hypopituitarism
```
head injury
brain surgery
radiation treatment
stroke
autoimmune disorder
infections of the brain
tuberculosis
genetic mutations
```
119
growth hormone excess causes
acromegaly and gigantism
120
what causes growth hormone excess
pituitary tumor
| slow growing
121
if the pituitary tumor arises after puberty, after growth plates have fused, what occurs
acromegaly
122
what happens in acromegaly
```
bones thicken
jaw enlarges and forehead thickens
enlarged lips, nose and tongue
deepening of voice due to enlarged sinuses and vocal cords
body organs enlarge
joint aches
thick, coarse, oily skin
skin tags
```
123
if pituitary tumor arises before puberty, before growth plates have fused, what happens
gigantism
124
health consequences to high levels of GH
```
type 2 diabetes
hypertension
increase risk of cardiovascular disease
arthritis
increased risk for colon polyps
```
125
diagnosis of GH in pituitary
```
blood tests ( check GH and IGF-1)
imaging
```
126
children with GH deficiency will have normal what
intelligence and body dimensions
127
how does adult GH deficiency occur
damage to pituitary gland or tumor treatment
128
common symptoms of adult GH deficiency
increased body fat, decreased muscle mass, fatigue, sexual dysfunction
129
what is addisons disease
adrenal insufficiency from tumors or from autoimmune attack destroying part of the adrenal gland
130
what is cushings syndrome
excess cortisol in blood
| uncontrolled catabolism of bone, muscle, skin, and other organs
131
signs of cushings syndrome
```
obesity
buffalo hump
hypertension
diabetes
osteoporosis
```
132
what is hypergonadism in men
extra X chromosome
| decrease testosterone production
133
primary, secondary of hypogonadism
primary: testicular failure
secondary: FSH/LH failure
development of breast
134
how many bones in the body
206
135
functions of the skeletal system
```
give body shape
protect and support organs
provide levers on which muscles pull
store calcium and other minerals
production of blood cells
does not generate heat
```
136
where are blood cells formed in bones
central marrow cavity
137
what kind of minerals that make up most of bone weight
calcium and phosphate
138
what is cortical bone
hard, compact
| shafts of long bones, typically surrounds outside of bone
139
function of cortical bone
mechanical and protective, aid as protective layer
140
what is trabecular (spongy) bone
loosely organized porous matrix
| ends of long bones and within vertebrae
141
function of spongy bone
metabolic
| chemical reactions to maintain living state of cells
142
what is bone modeling
alterations in the shape of the bone such as changes in length
143
what is bone remodeling
a constant state of formation and resorption
144
when does bone modeling occur
ceases around age 18-20
| skeleton stops growing
145
when does bone remodeling occur
throughout life span, but decreases with age
146
osteoclasts
resorptions
erode old bone
immature bone cells
147
osteoblasts
form new bone
formation
immature bone cells
148
which part of the bone remodeling process involves osteoblasts filling in cut away bone
reversal
149
bone remodeling is what kind of process
coupled
150
what type of bone remodeling is in healthy adult bones
rate of resorption= rate of formation
151
what is "uncoupling" bone remodeling
greater resportion with normal formation
| abnormally low formation with normal resorption
152
what are the three types of bone cells
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
osteocytes
153
what are osteocytes
mature bone cells
| osteoblasts become osteocytes
154
function of osteocytes
become incorporated within the newly found osteoid and eventually become calcified bone
155
how does estrogen act in ways to increase or maintain bone mass
increases calcium absorption in gut
decreases bone resorption
decreases calcium excretion in urine
156
main function of vitamin D
stimulate absorption of calcium by the intestine
157
where can you obtain vitamin D
diet and sunlight
158
what is osteoporosis
pathological condition associated with a loss of bone mass caused by increased bone resorption and/or decreased bone formation
159
what is osteoporosis characterized as
decreased bone mineral density and a deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone leading to increased bone fragility and increased risk of fracture
160
what happens to our bones after age 30
bone breaks down faster than new bone can be formed
161
why is osteoporosis more common in women
bone loss accelerates after menopause due to decrease in estrogen
have lower bone mass than men
162
low bone mineral density is often found in what type of women
young amenorrheic
163
what are the two important factors in the development of osteoporosis
peak bone mass (density)
| rate of bone loss
164
what are risk factors for osteoporosis
```
advancing age
gender
hormonal imbalances
thing build or small frame
inactivity
low calcium intake
excessive alcohol intake
smoking
```
165
the primary means of assessing bone health is to
measure bone mineral density
166
where do you measure BMD
spine, hip (femoral neck), and wrist
167
what is the most widely technique used to assess BMD
DXA
| dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
168
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis
bone loss occurs without symptoms
| nothing until bump and fracture bone
169
a collapsed vertebrae can initially be felt or seen in the form of
severe back pain, loss of height, or spine deformities
170
what are the most susceptible bones to fracture with osteoporosis
spine, hip and wrist
171
how can you prevent osteoporosis
high peak bone mass early in life
diet high in calcium and vitamin D
high intensity weight bearing and resistance training
no smoking or excessive alcohol
172
what can you take to help with osteoporosis
calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation
| hormone replacement therapy
173
what is a joint
the junction of two or more bones
174
what are the three types of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
175
what is a fibrous joint
allow virtually no movement
| sutures in skull
176
what is a cartilaginous joint
allow limited movement
| intervertebral discs
177
what is a synovial joint
allow considerable movement
| elbow and knee
178
what joint do you find arthritis in
synovial joint
179
what are the important features of synovial joints
low friction and large range of motion
180
what are some aspects of synovial joints
smooth cartilage
synovial fluid
ligaments
cartilage
181
what covers the ends of each bone at the synovial joint
smooth cartilage
182
the entire joint is in a capsule filled with
synovial fluid
183
function of articular cartilage
covers articulating surfaces of the bone
absorbs shock
reduces friction
184
function of synovial membrane
lines the joint
| seals into a joint capsule
185
function of synovial fluid
```
lubricates the joint
nourishes chondrocytes ( cartilage cells)
absorbs shock
```
186
what is a meniscus
wedge-shaped fibrocartilage pads
| allow for shape variations of joint surfaces and can restrict joint movement
187
what is bursae
fluid filled sacs that help cushion the friction in a joint
188
what is a ligament
tough, elastic band of connective tissue surround the joint to give support and limit the joint's movement
connect bone to bone
189
what is arthritis
a condition affecting the synovial joint and is characterized by inflammation, varying degrees of degeneration of joint structures and pain
190
what are the two types of arthritis
osteoarthritis
| rheumatoid arthritis
191
what is the leading cause of disability in later life
arthritis
192
what are the consequences of arthritis
```
impaired exercise tolerance
decreased flexibility
decreased limitations
decreased endurance
decreased speed
decreased proprioception
```
193
what is the best thing in maintaining joint function and joint nutrition
dynamic movements
194
what can adversely affect joint health
insufficient and excessive motion and/or loads
195
what is osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease with cartilage deterioration caused by injury and/or overuse
196
what is a symptom of osteoarthritis
pain and loss of joint movement due to bone on bone contact
197
manifestations of osteoarthritis
joint may become misshapen over time and bone spurs develop
| bits of bone and cartilage may break off
198
causes and factors of osteoarthritis
aging and/or overuse
repetitive use causes inflammation in cartilage which swells and causes pain
loss of cartilage from friction
genetic component
199
what is rheumatoid arthritis
begins as autoimmune inflammatory process of the synovial lining of joint
200
how does inflammation result from in RA
erosion of the cartilage and bone and causes joint destruction
201
manifestations of RA
joints frequently become red, swollen, painful, and tender
excessive synovial fluid production
synovium thickens with inflammation
202
symptoms of RA
```
occurs in symmetrical pattern start at hands and feet
fatigue
lack of appetite
low grade fever
muscle and joint ache and stiffness
weakness
```
203
what can inflammation do to the body
can affect organs and areas of the body other than the joints
204
what happens with vasculitis in RA
impair blood supply to tissues and lead to tissue death
205
what happens to average life expectancy of someone with RA
shortens by 3 to 5 years
206
what are secondary symptoms of RA
```
anemia
hand and feet deformities
limited range of motion
lung inflammation
numbness or tingling
paleness
skin redness or inflammation
swollen glands
```
207
is it hard to diagnose arthritis
yes due to overlapping symptoms
208
what is used to diagnose arthritis
med history
physical exam
blood test
imaging
209
treatment for arthritis
maintaining physical activity
drugs
braces
exercise
