Test Study Guide (2) Flashcards
Where does the lower respiratory tract begin?
Trachea
The trachea bifurcates to form the two __________ ____________ which enter the left and right lungs
main bronchi
Inside the lung, the left main bronchus splits into the _____________ and ______________ _____________ _______________.
superior & inferior
lobar bronchi
Inside the lobe, the lobar bronchus splits to form several ______________ _______________which enter lung segments
segmental bronchi
Bronchioles are microscopic, contain no cartilage, wrapped in __________ ____________.
smooth muscle
Bronchioles terminate in grape-like clusters called _______________.
alveoli
Alveoli are thin-walled, air-filled spherical structures wrapped with ___________ ______________ capillary vessels
pulmonary circuit
Bronchioles and alveoli rich in ____________.
elastin
______________ respiration is the exchange of gases between blood and body cells
Internal
________________ respiration is the exchange of gases between air and blood
External
_________________ ________________ – the physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract
Pulmonary Ventilation
______________ _______________ (gas diffusion) – the movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Alveolar ventilation
What is described by diffusion of oxygen into bodily cells and CO2 out of bodily cells?
Internal Respiration
What is 1 atm in mm Hg?
760 mm Hg
________________ __________________ changes only +/- 1 mm Hg (i.e., 761 – 759 mm Hg)
Intrapulmonary pressure
At rest, breathing rate is about 15 breaths per minute (i.e., every ____ seconds)
4
These pressure changes are the result of lung volume changes in accordance with ________ _________.
Boyle’s Law
Pressure = _________ ______ ________ _________.
force per unit area
Boyle’s Law:
P1V1 = P2V2
Positive pressures (e.g., +1 mm Hg) are _____________ than atmospheric pressure
higher
Negative pressures (e.g., -1 mm Hg) are ____________ than atmospheric pressure
lower
What are the types of breathing?
Quiet breathing (eupnea)
Forced breathing (hypernea)
A _______ ______________ is large and depends on air blown into a drum floating in water
wet spirometer
The ______ _____________ is a handheld device that depends on air spinning a small fan
dry spirometer
Both devices (spirometers) only measure _______________ volumes; _______________ volumes must be calculated
exhaled,
inhaled
Gas exchange is driven by diffusion according to two more gas laws:
Dalton’s Law
Henry’s Law
Dalton’s Law is:
describing the behavior of gas mixtures
Henry’s Law is:
describing the movement of gases into and out of liquids
Henry’s Law states that the amount of gas in solution is _________ _______________ to its ___________ _____________, not the total pressure
directly proportional
partial pressure
Oxygen is constantly being consumed by cells of the body; thus, the partial pressure of oxygen is always ____________ in the body tissues
lowest
Carbon dioxide is constantly being produced by cells of the body; thus, the partial pressure of CO2 is always ______________ in body tissues
highest
This can cause you to pass out under water; almost always fatal
hyperventilation
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract – about _____ feet
25
Accessory organs (of digestive system) –
liver, pancreas, gall bladder, appendix
There are four classes of biological molecules, and each class has its own set of enzymes, what are they?
Carbohydrates - Carbohydrases
Proteins - Proteases
Lipids - Lipases
Nucleic Acids - Nucleases
What is the space between the teeth and the lip called?
Vestibule Space
Oral cavity lined by ________ ______________.
oral mucosa
Soft palate ends with ___________.
uvula
The oral cavity is closed by ____________.
labia (lips)
What are the four types of papillae found on the tongue, and where?
filiform papillae (dorsum)
fungiform papillae (scattered)
circumvallate papillae (between dorsum & root of tongue)
foliate papillae (lateral sides)
What is the word for chewing?
mastication
How many primary (deciduous) teeth are there?
20
How many secondary (adult) teeth are there?
32
How many molars & premolars are there?
8 and 8
How many incisors are there?
8
How many canines are there?
4
How many wisdom teeth are there?
4
The tooth physically consists of:
Dentin
Cementum
Enamel
The three layers of the tooth are:
Crown
Neck
Root
Root canal allows blood vessels and nerves into __________ ____________ (living tissue)
pulp cavity
Tooth secured to bone by cementum and _____________ ______________.
periodontal ligament
The Jaw is closed by powerful muscles attached to the skull, which ones do we need to know?
Temporalis
Masseter
There are three main salivary glands, what are they?
Parotid Gland
Sublingual Gland
Submandibular Gland
What breaks downs starch?
salivary amylase
In 2020, new salivary glands were discovered, what are they?
tubarial glands
What does food pass through in the diaphragm?
esophageal hiatus
What is swallowing also known as?
What are the four segments of the stomach?
(you might want to go into the PPT to assign them locations)
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
Folds called ________ present when the stomach is empty; disappear when the stomach is full (stretched)
rugae
What is the duration of gastric activity normally?
short
What is the mechanism by which gastric activity is activated?
neural
What is the function of gastric activity?
homogenize food
How does gastric activity actually get activated by enzymes?
stretch receptors
chemoreceptors
by hormone gastrin
____________ (circular folds) are permanent wrinkles in the small intestine that help churn and mix food and increase surface area for absorption
Plicae
___________ = finger-like projections of the mucosa that increase surface area
Villi
_____________ = finger-like projections on the apical surface of mucosal cells that increase surface area
Microvilli
____________ = terminal lymphatic vessels in each villus (absorb lipids)
Lacteals
The first ________________ of GI tract immediately following stomach
(small intestine)
10 inches
How much digestion occurs in the small intestine?
90% of nutrient digestion and absorption
What is numerous in the ileum?
Peyer’s Patches
Digestive enzymes are produced by _________ _________ and drained in pancreatic juice into duodenum
acinar cells
Hormones are produced by ___________ _____________ and secreted directly into bloodstream
(pancreas)
pancreatic islets
The liver is the _____________ visceral organ (>3 lbs) of the body; located immediately under the diaphragm on the right side
largest
The liver performs over ________ functions.
200
The liver produces glucose from scratch (____________________); metabolizes glycogen; regulated by insulin and glucagon
gluconeogenesis
The liver makes _____% of all blood proteins
90
Bile is an _____________ that helps mix oil and water
emulsifier
____________ are water-soluble enzymes that can only interact with lipids at the water-lipid interface
Lipases
Bile is drained from liver through _________ _____________
hepatic ducts
The common _____________ _____________ merges with __________ ___________ from gall bladder to form the bile duct
hepatic duct
cystic duct
Characterized by no villi but numerous goblet cells; reflects reduced role in digestion and nutrient absorption but feces compaction; no enzymes made in the large intestine
large intestine
Defecation reflex triggered by _______________ of rectal walls
distention
Short reflex in rectum moves feces from rectum toward the anus (_______________)
involuntary
Long reflex moves feces from descending & sigmoid colon to rectum (_____________________)
involuntary
Defecation occurs only after ______________ ______________ of external anal sphincter
voluntary relaxation
_______________ ________________ (“mesentery”) – sheets of serous membrane that support the _________ __________________ and provide route for blood vessels
Mesentery proper
small intestine
____________ _______________ – an apron of fat tissue that lies over the GI tract in the abdomen; helps prevent GI tract from getting tangled
Greater omentum
___________ ________________ – support for stomach; stomach hangs from liver by lesser omentum (liver hangs from diaphragm by falciform ligament)
Lesser omentum
Mesocolon – sheet of serous membrane that supports __________ _____________.
large intestine
The liver “___________” the blood of absorbed nutrients to prevent nutrient fluctuations in the general circulation
cleans
Lipids are hydrophobic, but…
Lipid digestion achieved by _____________ enzymes (e.g., lingual lipase and pancreatic lipase)
hydrophilic
Lacteals have very large openings for lipid-protein complexes called _________________ which are too big for blood vessel capillaries
chylomicrons
