Module 2: Blood Flashcards
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Transport
How does the cardiovascular system do what it does? (3)
Transport medium (blood)
Pump (Heart)
Transport conduits (vessels)
What is the first bodily system to develop?
Cardiovascular
When do fetal heart cells began beating?
16 Days
What kind of tissue is whole blood?
Fluid connective tissue
What are the functions of whole blood? (5)
- Transporting
- Regulating pH and ion composition
- Restricting fluid loss
- Defending the body
- Regulating body temperature
What is the temperature of blood?
38.0 C (100.4 F)
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.4 (+0.05)(-0.05)
What is the viscosity of blood?
5x water
What is whole blood composed of?
Plasma + Formed Elements
What is the process of separating the components of whole blood into its parts and measuring the percent of formed elements called? (also what is the normal range?)
Hematocrit
40-60%
less than 35% is considered ANEMIC
What are the formed elements? (3)
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
What are the constituents of plasma?
Water (91%)
Proteins (7%)
Small Solutes (2%)
What are the three major classes of plasma proteins? (In order from Most to Least %)
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
What is important about albumin?
It plays a large role in controlling blood’s osmotic pressure and transports lipids.
What is important about Globulins?
It plays a large role in immune function (immunoglobulins).
What is important about Fibrinogen?
It plays a large role in blood clotting (Fibrinogen -> Fibrin).
What is blood serum?
Plasma without fibrinogen.
What are the leukocytes in order from greatest to least amount?
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
What makes up the majority of formed elements? What percentage and total?
Red Blood Cells (98%) (~25 Trillion)
What is the process of blood cell formation?
Hemopoiesis
What are pluripotent stem cells that divide to form all types of blood cells?
Hemocytoblasts
What differentiates lymph stem cells from myeloid stem cells?
Lymph stem cells occur in lymphoid tissues, while myeloid stem cells occur in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue). Myeloid stem cells make all other formed elements besides Lymphocytes.
What is the process of erythrocyte formation called?
Erythropoiesis
What is Erythropoiesis stimulated by?
erythropoietin (from the kidneys) EPO
What stimulates red blood cell formation indirectly?
Growth Hormone & Androgens (RBC is higher in men)
What shape and function do RBC’s have?
Bi-concave discs, allowing them to stack, bend, and twist.
What two factors lead to the shape of red blood cells?
- Membrane Skeleton
- Hemoglobin
What is the smallest cell in the FEMALE body?
Red Blood Cells
What percentage of proteins in red blood cells is from hemoglobin?
95%
What polypeptide subunits is hemoglobin composed of?
two alpha chains and two beta chains
What does every subunit of hemoglobin contain?
heme (oxygen binder)
What is heme?
Heme is a Fe2+ ion ring surrounded by carbons.
Reversibly binds O2 (metabolic fuel)
Reversibly binds CO2 (metabolic waste)
Reversibly binds NO (a vasodilator)
Irreversibly binds CO (in car exhaust)
What is the four codon change that leads to sickle cell anemia?
PEEK
PVEK
What causes the red blood cell to turn into a sickle shape from sickle cell anemia?
Mutant Hemoglobin
Sickle Cell: Valine on E6V mutant packs into a _______ on
deoxy-Hb
Causes Hb to link into a _____________________
long, curved chain
What converts CO2 to carbonic acid in red blood cells?
Carbonic Anhydrase
1,000,000x Catalyst! 12 Days -> 1 Second
What does H2CO3 spontaneously decompose into in the plasma?
HCO3- + H+
What is the red blood cell lifespan?
120 Days (700 Miles)
How many NEW red blood cells enter the bloodstream every second? (How can it be increased, and by what factor?)
3 Million
x10 by EPO
What color is bilirubin?
Yellow
What are the different blood types, and which have antibodies against the other?
A, B, AB, O
Type A RBC’s have Type A antigens, but Type B antibodies
Type B RBC’s have Type B antigens, but Type A antibodies
Type AB RBC’s have Type A & B antigens, and no antibodies.
Type O RBC’s have NEITHER Type A or B antigens, but antibodies to both.
What occurs when antigens meet corresponding antibodies, causing blood to agglutinate?
Cross-reaction
What is described by antibody-induced clumping and lysing?
Agglutination
What is another term for “blood clotting?”
Coagulate
What is the mother - infant blood typing disease known as?
HDN = Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
It can only affect Rh+ babies with Rh- mothers
Are white blood cells considered “alive?”
YES
What are the two classes of white blood cells?
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
What are the Granulocytes?
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
What are the Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
What determines percentage of each of the five types of W B C. ?
Differential White Blood Count
What is a clotting assessment called?
Platelet Count
What is a reduced platelet count called?
thrombocytopenia
What measures how long it takes for blood to start clotting? 9 to 12 seconds. To test, thromboplastin is added to whole plasma.
Prothrombin time measurement
Does Leukemia lead to an increased number of leukocytes or decreased?
Increased
What does an elevated monocyte and lymphocyte count called?
Mononucleosis
What is WBC production stimulated by? (The EPO of WBC’s)
Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)
What are the three stages of blood clotting?
Vascular Phase 1
Platelet Phase 2
Coagulation Phase 3
What is described by platelets sticking to endothelial cells?
platelet adhesion
What stimulates platelet adhesion?
ADP
what stimulates clotting factors? (inducing vascular spasm)
serotonin
What is another word for clot?
Thrombus
What are the three pathways involved in coagulation?
- Intrinsic Pathway
- Extrinsic Pathway
- Common pathway
What protein causes the dissolution of clots?
plasmin
What is the balance of thrombin activity controlled by?
thrombomodulin
