Test Six Flashcards
1
Q
Francis of Assisi
A
-Born Wealthy
-Renounced wealth; Father chastised him for extravagant charity; Francis removed clothing and walked away naked
-Early Ministry: tending lepers and rebuilding churches
Matthew 10:9 led him to preaching and poverty
2
Q
Dominci de Guzman
A
- Born to pious family
- Before his birth, his mother dreamed that within her womb was a dog who ran bearing a torch that set world on fire; hence Domini Canes (“Lord’s hounds”), a pun on his followers’ name
- Studied, prayed, and slept on bare earth
- Only luxury was books but even those he sold for sake of charity
- Mission to Southern France; attempted to convert heretics through persuasion and example of personal deprivation
- Developed order of preachers, trained in theology to combat heresy
3
Q
Anselm
A
-Archbishop of Canterbury; Considered “Father of Scholasticism”
Applied reason to truth known by faith
—Used dialectic method: probing by reason, exploring “pros and cons” of issues
—“I belive I might understand”
4
Q
Peter Abelard
A
- Taught at the University of Paris…his love affair with Heloise, niece of canon of Notre Dame led to exiled
- Use of reason
- –Focus on mind’s concept of universals
- –What is real is what is in the mind of human because it reflects the mind of God
- Sic et Non (“Yes and No”)
- –Presented theological questions and conflicting response to show inadequacy of human authority
- –Not intended to undermine tradition of church but to discussion to resolved contradictions
- –Stimulated opposition from Bernard of Clairvaux, opponent of theological innovation
5
Q
Peter Lombard
A
- Taught at the University of Paris
- Definition of 7 sacraments in the four books of Sentences (1150)
- –This work formed systematic theology textbook until 16th century
- –Sacramants release one’s will from captivity to sin and convey God’s grace
6
Q
Thomas Aquinas
A
- Dominican at Paris University
- Studied under Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus) at University of Paris
- –Moderate Realist-via antiqua (old way)
- –Reality is the material world since God made it
- –Examine creation to discover truths about God
- Teachings
- –Both revealed and natural theology
- –Atonement involved satisfaction and moral influence
- –Sacraments are based on God’s grace and humanity’s works
- –Cosmological proofs for the existence of God
7
Q
Joan of Arc
A
- Claimed to see visions of saints Catherine and Margaret and Archangel Michael
- Supported French Dauphin Charles VII, who was losing the war
- The “Maid of Orleans” inspired the French army to victory and attended Charles’ coronation
- English captured her, tried her as a witch, and burned her at the stake
- In 1920, she was declared a saint by Roman Catholic Church
8
Q
Gerhard Groote
A
- Ordained deacon and itinerant preacher
- –Preached gospel of repentance to laity and clergy
- –Preached against sins of clergy, monks, and mendicant; aroused complaints against him
- –Emphasized need for educated clergy
- Formed small band of 12 disciples, who became core Brethren of the Common Life
- 1374, Organized Sisters of the Common Life
9
Q
Desiderius Erasmus
A
- Born in Rotterdam; illegitimate son of priest
- Schooled at Deventer School of Brethren of Common Life
- Goals: To reform Catholic Church from within and society through education and through recovery of literature of early church as a guide
- –To use linguistic tools of humanism for study and Bible and Greek and Latin fathers
- –To emphasize piety and simple philosophy of Christ vs. scholastic theology
- –To focus on changing practices and on educating clergy and laity
- Wrote Novum Instrumentum: First critical edition of Greek NT w/ Latin Vulgate parallel
10
Q
John Wycliffe
A
- “Morningstar of the Reformation”
- Oxford educator; opposed to Scholasticism; taught superiority of Bible; lectured through Bible
- Claimed ecclesiastical authority depended upon grace, so clergy not in state of grace could be deprived of endowments by civil power–led to Wycliffe’s denunciation by church but acclamation by state
- Papal authority not confirmed by Scripture
- Tried for heresy, removed from post at Oxford and reduced to pastorate in Lutterworth
- Wycliffe Bible–desired to place Bible in hands of people in their own language, he and followers translated the Bible from Latin Vulgate into English
- Followers became know as “Lollards”
11
Q
John Huss
A
- Priest in Bohemia; popular preacher in Prague; Dean of School of Philosophy at University of Prague
- Influenced by Wycliffe’s teachings
- Taught…
- –True church is composed of those chosen or predestined by God
- –Christ, not Peter, is rock on which church is built
- –There should be no civil punishment for religious heresy
- –Bible is final authority for matters of doctrine
- –If pope or bishop does not obey Bible, he is not to be obeyed
- –Christ, not church, is only mediator between God and humanity
- –Only God can grant forgiveness, so for the church to sell forgiveness through indulgences is to usurp God’s authority
- Excommunicated by Pope John XXIII
- Convicted of heresy and burned at stake
12
Q
Canons Regular
A
- Secular clergy ordained as priests
- Lived community and followed a rule (“regular”)
13
Q
Mendicant Orders
A
- Lay monastics who traveled
- Begged for a living
- Friars=Fratres, “Brothers”
14
Q
Inquisition
A
- Investigation of heresy and schism by the church with punishment by the state
- Goal was to rid Christian society of internal threats
- Used to end religious dissent
15
Q
Scholasticism
A
Application of philosophy to theology to systematize, proved, and defend traditional beliefs
16
Q
Renaissance
A
Rebirth of knowledge, inquiry, art, and interest in Greek and Roman cultures
17
Q
Humanism
A
Shift in emphasis from importance of institution to value of individual
18
Q
Brethren of the Common Life
A
- Organized by Gerhard Groote
- Schools became centers for Latin and vernacular studies for both clergy and laity
- Developed devotio moderna
- –Devotional teachings of Brethren
- –Basis of curricula in schools
- Emphasized Bible study in vernacular so that people could understand Scripture
- Produced devotional writers such as Thomas a Kempis (Imitation of Christ)
19
Q
Gutenberg Press
A
- Movable-type printing press; Mainz, Germany; 1456
- Impact of communications with spread of printing
- What Martin Luther had that Wycliffe and Huss did not: the ability to spread message of Reformation
20
Q
List some of the characteristics that are common between Priests and Monks
A
- Vows
- –Chastity
- –Obedience (priest to bishop; monk to abbot)
- Tonsure and distinctive garb
- Benefits of clergy
- –Right not to bear arms
- –Tried by church court
- –Protected by Peace of God (threat of excommunication for any who robbed or killed clergy)
21
Q
List some of the characteristics that are different between Priests and Monks
A
- Priests: in the world; Monks: Cloistered
- Priests: Mobile; Monks: Permanent
- Priests: Ordained; Monks: Lay
- Priests: Cure of Souls-Sacraments; Monks: Opus Dei-Prayer
- Priests: Bishop’s stipend; Monk: communal
- Priests: Obeyed the bishop; Monks: Followed a rule
22
Q
Ransom Theory of Atonement
A
Origen spoke of Jesus delivering up his life to Devil in exchange for souls of humans, which Devil claimed as his due because of their sinfulness
23
Q
Satisfaction Theory of Atonement
A
- Opposed to Ransom Theory
- Based on feudal idea: humanity sinned and outraged majesty of God
- God is infinite and payment for offense must by infinite
- No human can make infinite payment
- And human satisfaction had to be paid for human sin
- Therefore, God became human to pay the infinite price as a human
24
Q
Moral Influence Theory of Atonement
A
- Peter Abelard
- Jesus is our example and we receive atonement when we respond to his example
25
Q
Hundred Years’ War
A
- 1337-1475
- Conflict between England and France
- –Edward III of England claimed French throne occupied by Philip VI
- –Also involved other European nations
- –“First European War”
- Hostilities ceased in 1453; treaty was signed in 1475
- –England lost almost all its possessions in France
