Test Four Flashcards
1
Q
Leo I
A
- “__ the Great”
- Contended that Jesus made Peter the rock on which the church was to be built and Peter’s successor, the bishop of Rome, the head of the church
- Intervened in council of Chalcedon with “___’s Tome” and asserted that Jesus is fully human, fully divine
- Rode out to meet Attila the Hun who turned away from Rome
- Negotiated with Vandals, who sacked Rome but did not burn it
2
Q
Gregory I
A
- “___ the Great”
- Abbot of Monastery, reluctant to accept election as Pope
- Ruled Rome but did not claim universal authority, did see himself as Patriarch of the West
- Negotiated peace settlement with Lombards
- Administered collection and distribution of church revenues
- Demanded that bishop’s pallium (cape-sign of apostolic authority) be conferred by pope
- Promoted Semi-Augustine position
- Doctrines of purgatory and penance
- In mass, Christ sacrificed anew
3
Q
Benedict of Nursia
A
- Father of Western Monasticism
- Established monastery at Monte Cassino
4
Q
Patrick
A
- Only nominal Christian as youth in Britain; captured by Irish pirates; forced to tend sheep; grew in faith; escaped; returned to Britain
- In a vision, called back to Ireland as missionary; studied and was ordained in Gaul
- 342, returned to Ireland
- Irish monasticism preserved scholarship and influenced Europe from 6th to 9th centuries
5
Q
Columba of Iona
A
- Monk excommunicated for leading his clan in battle; in exile, he founded abbey in Iona
- 3 ideals: chastity, humility, community of goods
- He and followers conducted missions in Scotland, converted pagan kings
6
Q
Augustine of Canterbury
A
- Sent by Gregory I to convert Saxons
- Unable to unite Saxon Christians with Celtic Christians
- Synod of Whitby: Most of England adopted Roman Catholicism
7
Q
Boniface (Winfrid)
A
- Anglo-Saxon Monk and Missionary who evangelized Germans
- Method was to convert the chief/prince, then baptize and teach people
- Minstered under papal and civil authority: Chales Martel and Pepin the Short
- Anointed Pepin as King
- Legend of Thor’s Oak: he chopped down sacred tree, which fell in the shape of a cross; pieces were used to build chapel dedicated to Peter
8
Q
Justinian
A
- Eastern Empire revived under his rule
- 533, his general, Belisarius, defeated Vandals at Carthage; returned Orthodox Christianity to North Africa
- His armies invaded Italy and defeated Ostrogoths, establishing Byzantine presence in Italy
- He convened Council of Constantinople II in an effort to achieve religious unity in East
9
Q
Charles the Hammer
A
Halted Muslim advance into France at Battle of Tours (732)
10
Q
Charlemagne
A
- Charles the great
- Extended kingdom into empire from Pyrenees to Danuve, from Danish border to south of Rome
- Christmas Day, 800, crowned by Leo III; birth of Holy Roman Empire
11
Q
Purgatory
A
- Place of purification for those who die in sin
- Those who die in faith and communion with church but without absolution go here
- Living can help the dead out by offering masses on their behalf
12
Q
Monophysite
A
Holds that in the person of Jesus Christ there is only one nature (wholly divine or only subordinately human), not two
13
Q
Nestorian
A
opposes the concept of hypostatic union and emphasizes that the two natures (human and divine) of Jesus Christ were joined by will rather than personhood
14
Q
Monothelite
A
- “One will”
- Agreed to two natures but only one divine will in Christ
15
Q
Duothelite
A
- “Two wills”
- Claimed that two natures meant two wills
16
Q
Icons
A
Images used in worship
17
Q
Hejira
A
Date used to begin Muslim Calendars
18
Q
Qur’an
A
- Revelations of Allah to Muhammad over 20-year period
- Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s sucessor, ordered revelations and oral traditions to be preserved
- Written in Arabic, true language of Allah
- Teaches on God (Allah) and the final revelation of his will which completes the work of the prophets
19
Q
Hadith
A
- More practical instructions
- The most orthodox were compiled by Al-Bukhari and Muslim
- About 13,000; 3,000 shared in common between Al-Bukhari and Muslim
20
Q
Jihad
A
- Literally, “exertion or effort”
- In a broad sense, it is considered the Sixth Pillar
- –Inner aspect: exertion for piety
- –Outer aspect: submission of community to pattern of Medina
- In narrow sense, “holy war”–armed struggle to advance Islam
21
Q
Shi’ite
A
- Islamic Division–Person centered
- Religious leaders must be descendants of Muhammad and worthy
- Follow Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law (married Muhammad’s daughter, Fatima)
22
Q
Sunni
A
- Islamic Division–Arab tradition centered
- Emphasize Qur’an and the tradition (sunna) of the Prophet found in the hadith (sayings attributed to Muhammad)
- Followed successors to Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law
23
Q
Feudalism
A
- Arose after collapse of Carolingian Empire because of lack of protection
- System of government in absence of a centralized authority
- –Power and wealth depended on property (land)
- Private exercise of government by nobles over vassals through granting of property in return for service
24
Q
Feudal Church
A
- Churchmen became subject to secular power
- –Many churchmen became vassals of secular lords
- Mixture of religious and secular
- –Secular lords influenced affairs of church
- –Religious vassal was required to provide armies
- Church came into vast holdings through vassalage
- Church became more powerful and centralized
- Two chains of command developed for clergy
- –Religious vassals owed loyalties to secular lords as well as to eccelsiastical superiors
- –Led to clash between church and state
25
Be able to list some of the arguments for the primacy of the Roman bishop
- Matthew 16:18-20
- Peter and Paul were martyred in Rome
- Irenaues taught that Roman church was established by Peter
- Council of Nicea gave regional authority to Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalem
- Council of Chalcedon: Leo’s letter was sent with “authority of Peter” and Leo’s ascendancy marked him as first pope
26
Be able to list some of the ways that Islam impacted Christianity
- Loss of major Christian holy places
- Loss of Carthage, origin of Latin Christianity
- Opposition to Christianity in Africa, Spain, Persia, and Eastern Europe
- Christianity spread instead along North-South axis: British isles, Frankish kingdom, and Italy
- Separation of Western Christendom from Constantinople
- Ultimately: the Crusades
27
Medieval Era: Early Period
- 451-800
- From the Council of Chalcedon to Charlemagne and the formation of the Holy Roman Empire
- Invasion of Barbarians and reordering of society with new people groups
28
Medieval Era: Middle Period
- 800-1215
- From Charlemagne to the Fourth Lateran Council
- Great schism between Western and Eastern Churches
29
Medieval Era: Late Period
- 1215-1453
- From the Fourth Lateran Council to Fall of Constantinople
- Signing of the Magna Carta in England and beginning of nationalism; dawn of the Reformation
30
Be able to list some of the positive dimensions of the Feudal Church
- Church was only significant educator; influenced literature and legislation
- Injected Christian values into knightly system of chivalry
- To small degree, inhibited some warfare (Truce of God--cessation of warfare on Sundays, Advent, and Lent)
31
Council of Constantinople II
- Many Alexandrian Christians were dissatisfied with the definition of Christ as having two natures
- Chalcedonian definition revised in line with Cyril’s Alexandrian view of mystical union of divine and human in nature of Christ
- Debate shifted from Jesus’ nature to his will
32
Council of Constantinople III
- Debate between monothelites (“one will”) vs. duothelites (“two wills”)
- Reaffirmed Chaldedonian definition that Christ has two distinct natures
- Amended formula to include:
- --Two natural wills, not opposed to each other
- --The human will follows the divine will and is subject to it
33
Council of Nicea II
- Debate over the use of icons (images) in worship
- --Icondules: incarnation meant that divine was joined to human and should be represented in visual art
- --Iconoclasts: disapproved of any visual art depicting Jesus
- Icons are allowed in worship to affirm incarnation of Christ
- People are allowed to bow down before and to kiss icons, but not to worship icons
- Worshipping of icons was forbidden; worship was to be bestowed on God alone
