Test Five Flashcards
1
Q
Leo III
A
- Crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on Christmas Day, 800
- Was therefore supported by Charlemagne who involved himself in the iconoclastic controversy
2
Q
Leo IX
A
- Appointed by Henry III but walked barefoot into Rome to be elected by the people
- Began what is known as Gregorian Reform
- His reign led to East-West Schism
3
Q
Gregory VII
A
- Friend of Leo IX
- Gregorian Reform named after him
- –Emancipated clergy from secular control
- –Centralized power of church by making clergy subject to pope
- –Force civil leaders to act in pope’s best interests
- Tools of papal control: Excommunication, Interdict, and Civil ban
- Conflict with Henry IV over authority to appoint bishops
- Henry called council that deposed Gregory; Gregory excommunicated Henry
4
Q
Urban II
A
- Another Cluniac reformer; last pope of Gregorian reform
- Decreed “Truce of God”
- Pope of First Crusade
5
Q
Innocent III
A
- Dominance of church and state
- –England, Aragon, Portugal, and Poland became papal fiefs (feudal taxes paid to papacy)
- –Failure: Magna Carta (1215) was signed despite his objections that it challenged his authority
- Sent the Fourth Crusade against Egypt; Crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople–Eastern Christians
- Involved in Fourth Lateran Council
- First pope to refer to himself as “Vicar of Christ”
6
Q
Boniface VIII
A
- Forbade Clergy to contribute to kings
- Unam Sanctum
- –Christ’s two swords (Spiritual and Temporal) under pope’s control
- Abused papal through simony and nepotism
7
Q
Bernard of Clairvaux
A
- Gifted in meditation and preaching
- Championed Ecclesiastical reform
- Influenced popes, especially Eugenius III
- Enemy of theological innovation
- Preacher of Second Crusade
- Hymn-Writer
8
Q
Thomas Beckett
A
- Archbishop of Canterbury
- Conflict with Henry II over whether clergy should be tried in royal courts or ecclesiastical trials
- Henry voiced desire to be rid of Thomas; four knights took Henry at his word and murdered Thomas on altar of Canterbury Cathedral
9
Q
Catherine of Siene
A
- Domincan Laywoman
- Mystic
- Political Activist
- Correspondent with popes and kings
- Involved with Avignon Papacy and Papal Schism
10
Q
Lay Investiture Controversy
A
Question of who had right to confer insignia of office upon bishops, abbots, and other clergy
11
Q
Purgatory
A
- Place of purification for those who die in sin
- Those who die in faith and communion with church but without absolution go here
- Living can help the dead out by offering masses on their behalf
12
Q
Icons
A
Images used in worship
13
Q
Pornocracy
A
- Series of immoral popes from 904-962
- Political intrigue among rivals led to murder, imprisonment, etc.
- Papacy came under influence of licentious noblewomen; mistresses of popes
14
Q
Great Schism (1054)
A
- Addition of filoque to the Nicene Creed by the West the final straw
- Precipitated by years of theological and cultural differences
- Resulted in part from opposition by Patriarchal Bishop of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, against claims of papal monarchy by Leo IX.
15
Q
Excommunication
A
Excludes person from participation in life of church and grace it provides
16
Q
Interdict
A
Prohibits clergy in territory from exercising their offices and administering sacraments
17
Q
Civil Ban
A
Person declared an outlaw and all political obligations to him declared null and void
18
Q
Cluniac Reform
A
- 909, William of Aquitaine founded Cluny and appointed Berno
- Opposed simony and lay investiture
- Forbade clerical marriage
- Promoted obedience
- -Monks to superiors and Benedictine Rule
- -Church to the Pope (who would head a great renewal)
- Centralized organization: *One Abbey with branch houses
- Poverty?
- -Ambivalent
- -Good monk owned nothing, but a monastery could own vast properties and wealth
- -Eventually Cluniac monks evaded simple life
19
Q
Cistercian Movement
A
- In 1098, Robert of Molesme founded monastery at Citeaux
- Return to Benedictine simplicity
- -Plain facilities
- -Strict diet
- -Manual labor
- -Agriculture
20
Q
Avignon Papacy
A
- Babylonian Captivity of the Church
- Pope based in Avignon, France and subservient to France
- Shameless immorality at papal court
21
Q
Be able to list some of the benefits of Monasticism
A
- Monks became adept at copying the Bible and other books
- Their houses became teaching centers, hospitals, pharmacies, and hotels
- Preserved culture of the past
- Provided only source of education; later provided educators for universities
- Monks, especially Cistercians, cultivated unused land and made it productive
- Monasticism allowed opportunities for women to serve the church and lead
22
Q
Be able to identify the differences between Christianity in the West and the East
A
- Language: West- Latin; East- Greek
- Culture: West- German; East- Greek
- Church Gov’t: West- Papal Monarchy; East- collection of the bishops in councils
- Councils: East only accepts the first 7 ecumenical councils
- Clergy: West- Clerical Celibacy; East- family life for local parish clergy
- Theology: West added filoque to the Nicene Creed and returned to Apostle’s Creed
23
Q
Be able to list some of the motivations for the Crusades
A
- Pilgrimages to the Holy Land increased
- Muslims increased hardships on pilgrims; destroyed shrines in Jerusalem
- Fueled by desire to reclaim Holy Land and by hatred of Muslims
- Became an imitation of Muslim holy war
- Weakened Byzantine Empire left West vulnerable to Muslim invasion
- Victories by western armies in Italy, Spain led to idea of conquest in East
- Normans desired to drive Muslims from western Mediterranean and expand into Orient
- Feudalism and famine suppressed people, so many were eager for wealth and adventure
- Papal encouragement
24
Q
Be able to list some of the results of the Crusades
A
- New monastic orders: Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller
- Power and wealth of papacy increased
- Increased interest in relics
- At home crusading zeal turned toward fighting heresy
- Mistrust and enmity developed between East and West, Muslim and Christian
- Increased contact with Byzantine East and Islamic civilization
- Recovery of Aristotle; rise of scholarship
- Rise of city-states in Italy; trade networks begin to undermine feudalism
25
First Crusade (1095-1099)
* Eastern Emperor asked help from Pope Urban II: Turks threatened Byzantine empire
* Urban saw chance to reunite Christendom
* Council of Clermont (1095) Urban promised...
- -Full remission of penalties for anyone going to fight
- -Full remission of sins, with eternal reward, to those dying in the cause
- -Protection of Peter, Paul, and Church for estates
* Council cried “Deus Vult! God Wills it!”
* Captured Nicea, Antioch, and Jerusalem (after a long siege and struggle)
26
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
* 1144, Muslims captured Edessa
* Bernard of Clairvaux preached for crusade
* 1147, German and French armies marched to Holy Land
* Crusades were defeated at Edessa, Laodicea, and Damascus
* Crusade ended in disgrace; Bernard preached judgement on sinful people
27
Third Crusade (1187-1192)
* In 1187, Saladin captured Jerusalem
* Called Crusade of Three Kings
* Frederick Barbarossa of Germany defeated Muslims at Iconium, then drowned trying to swim across river
* Philip II Augustus of France participated in victorious siege of Acre, then departed for France where he hoped to take Normandy back from England while Richard was on crusade
* Richard the Lionheart of England could not win back Jerusalem, but negotiated treaty with Saladin to allow Christian pilgrimages
28
Fourth Crusade (1201-1204)
* Innocent III sent this Crusade against Egypt
* Crusaders were sidetracked to sacking Constantinople - Eastern Christians
* Crusaders established “Latin Kingdom”
* Temporarily united East and West; 1261, recovered by Byzantines; schism was deeper than before
