Test Five

Question 1

Leo III

Answer 1

• Crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on Christmas Day, 800
• Was therefore supported by Charlemagne who involved himself in the iconoclastic controversy

Question 2

Leo IX

Answer 2

• Appointed by Henry III but walked barefoot into Rome to be elected by the people
• Began what is known as Gregorian Reform
• His reign led to East-West Schism

Question 3

Gregory VII

Answer 3

• Friend of Leo IX
• Gregorian Reform named after him
• –Emancipated clergy from secular control
• –Centralized power of church by making clergy subject to pope
• –Force civil leaders to act in pope’s best interests
• Tools of papal control: Excommunication, Interdict, and Civil ban
• Conflict with Henry IV over authority to appoint bishops
• Henry called council that deposed Gregory; Gregory excommunicated Henry

Question 4

Urban II

Answer 4

• Another Cluniac reformer; last pope of Gregorian reform
• Decreed “Truce of God”
• Pope of First Crusade

Question 5

Innocent III

Answer 5

• Dominance of church and state
• –England, Aragon, Portugal, and Poland became papal fiefs (feudal taxes paid to papacy)
• –Failure: Magna Carta (1215) was signed despite his objections that it challenged his authority
• Sent the Fourth Crusade against Egypt; Crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople–Eastern Christians
• Involved in Fourth Lateran Council
• First pope to refer to himself as “Vicar of Christ”

Question 6

Boniface VIII

Answer 6

• Forbade Clergy to contribute to kings
• Unam Sanctum
• –Christ’s two swords (Spiritual and Temporal) under pope’s control
• Abused papal through simony and nepotism

Question 7

Bernard of Clairvaux

Answer 7

• Gifted in meditation and preaching
• Championed Ecclesiastical reform
• Influenced popes, especially Eugenius III
• Enemy of theological innovation
• Preacher of Second Crusade
• Hymn-Writer

Question 8

Thomas Beckett

Answer 8

• Archbishop of Canterbury
• Conflict with Henry II over whether clergy should be tried in royal courts or ecclesiastical trials
• Henry voiced desire to be rid of Thomas; four knights took Henry at his word and murdered Thomas on altar of Canterbury Cathedral

Question 9

Catherine of Siene

Answer 9

• Domincan Laywoman
• Mystic
• Political Activist
• Correspondent with popes and kings
• Involved with Avignon Papacy and Papal Schism

Question 10

Lay Investiture Controversy

Answer 10

Question of who had right to confer insignia of office upon bishops, abbots, and other clergy

Question 11

Purgatory

Answer 11

• Place of purification for those who die in sin
• Those who die in faith and communion with church but without absolution go here
• Living can help the dead out by offering masses on their behalf

Question 12

Icons

Answer 12

Images used in worship

Question 13

Pornocracy

Answer 13

• Series of immoral popes from 904-962
• Political intrigue among rivals led to murder, imprisonment, etc.
• Papacy came under influence of licentious noblewomen; mistresses of popes

Question 14

Great Schism (1054)

Answer 14

• Addition of filoque to the Nicene Creed by the West the final straw
• Precipitated by years of theological and cultural differences
• Resulted in part from opposition by Patriarchal Bishop of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, against claims of papal monarchy by Leo IX.

Question 15

Excommunication

Answer 15

Excludes person from participation in life of church and grace it provides

Question 16

Interdict

Answer 16

Prohibits clergy in territory from exercising their offices and administering sacraments

Question 17

Civil Ban

Answer 17

Person declared an outlaw and all political obligations to him declared null and void

Question 18

Cluniac Reform

Answer 18

• 909, William of Aquitaine founded Cluny and appointed Berno
• Opposed simony and lay investiture
• Forbade clerical marriage
• Promoted obedience
• -Monks to superiors and Benedictine Rule
• -Church to the Pope (who would head a great renewal)
• Centralized organization: *One Abbey with branch houses
• Poverty?
• -Ambivalent
• -Good monk owned nothing, but a monastery could own vast properties and wealth
• -Eventually Cluniac monks evaded simple life

Question 19

Cistercian Movement

Answer 19

• In 1098, Robert of Molesme founded monastery at Citeaux
• Return to Benedictine simplicity
• -Plain facilities
• -Strict diet
• -Manual labor
• -Agriculture

Question 20

Avignon Papacy

Answer 20

• Babylonian Captivity of the Church
• Pope based in Avignon, France and subservient to France
• Shameless immorality at papal court

Question 21

Be able to list some of the benefits of Monasticism

Answer 21

• Monks became adept at copying the Bible and other books
• Their houses became teaching centers, hospitals, pharmacies, and hotels
• Preserved culture of the past
• Provided only source of education; later provided educators for universities
• Monks, especially Cistercians, cultivated unused land and made it productive
• Monasticism allowed opportunities for women to serve the church and lead

Question 22

Be able to identify the differences between Christianity in the West and the East

Answer 22

• Language: West- Latin; East- Greek
• Culture: West- German; East- Greek
• Church Gov’t: West- Papal Monarchy; East- collection of the bishops in councils
• Councils: East only accepts the first 7 ecumenical councils
• Clergy: West- Clerical Celibacy; East- family life for local parish clergy
• Theology: West added filoque to the Nicene Creed and returned to Apostle’s Creed

Question 23

Be able to list some of the motivations for the Crusades

Answer 23

• Pilgrimages to the Holy Land increased
• Muslims increased hardships on pilgrims; destroyed shrines in Jerusalem
• Fueled by desire to reclaim Holy Land and by hatred of Muslims
• Became an imitation of Muslim holy war
• Weakened Byzantine Empire left West vulnerable to Muslim invasion
• Victories by western armies in Italy, Spain led to idea of conquest in East
• Normans desired to drive Muslims from western Mediterranean and expand into Orient
• Feudalism and famine suppressed people, so many were eager for wealth and adventure
• Papal encouragement

Question 24

Be able to list some of the results of the Crusades

Answer 24

• New monastic orders: Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller
• Power and wealth of papacy increased
• Increased interest in relics
• At home crusading zeal turned toward fighting heresy
• Mistrust and enmity developed between East and West, Muslim and Christian
• Increased contact with Byzantine East and Islamic civilization
• Recovery of Aristotle; rise of scholarship
• Rise of city-states in Italy; trade networks begin to undermine feudalism

Question 25

First Crusade (1095-1099)

Answer 25

• Eastern Emperor asked help from Pope Urban II: Turks threatened Byzantine empire
• Urban saw chance to reunite Christendom
• Council of Clermont (1095) Urban promised…
• -Full remission of penalties for anyone going to fight
• -Full remission of sins, with eternal reward, to those dying in the cause
• -Protection of Peter, Paul, and Church for estates
• Council cried “Deus Vult! God Wills it!”
• Captured Nicea, Antioch, and Jerusalem (after a long siege and struggle)

Question 26

Second Crusade (1147-1149)

Answer 26

• 1144, Muslims captured Edessa
• Bernard of Clairvaux preached for crusade
• 1147, German and French armies marched to Holy Land
• Crusades were defeated at Edessa, Laodicea, and Damascus
• Crusade ended in disgrace; Bernard preached judgement on sinful people

Question 27

Third Crusade (1187-1192)

Answer 27

• In 1187, Saladin captured Jerusalem
• Called Crusade of Three Kings
• Frederick Barbarossa of Germany defeated Muslims at Iconium, then drowned trying to swim across river
• Philip II Augustus of France participated in victorious siege of Acre, then departed for France where he hoped to take Normandy back from England while Richard was on crusade
• Richard the Lionheart of England could not win back Jerusalem, but negotiated treaty with Saladin to allow Christian pilgrimages

Question 28

Fourth Crusade (1201-1204)

Answer 28

• Innocent III sent this Crusade against Egypt
• Crusaders were sidetracked to sacking Constantinople - Eastern Christians
• Crusaders established “Latin Kingdom”
• Temporarily united East and West; 1261, recovered by Byzantines; schism was deeper than before