Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatrics Final Exam > Test Review > Flashcards

Test Review Flashcards

0
Q

Tonsillectomy

-Contraindications

A
  1. Active infection (can spread the infection)

2. Cleft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Tonsillectomy

-Signs of Post Op Bleeding? ***TEST

A

Monitor For:

  1. Excessive swallowing
  2. Elevated pulse; decreased blood pressure
  3. Signs of fresh bleeding in the back of the throat
  4. Vomiting bright red blood
  5. Restlessness not associated with pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tonsillectomy

-Pre-Op considerations

A
  1. Assess for allergies, difficulty breathing or airway obstructions
  2. Assess for active infection
  3. Assess for loose teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tonsillectomy

-How to Assess Bleeding Post Op

A
  1. Use flashlight to assess bleeding
  2. DO NOT use a tongue depressor
    - ONLY USE STERILE EQUIPMENT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tonsillectomy

-Post-Op Care

A
  1. Vomiting coffee grounds is common
  2. Don’t use red colored drink and meds that can be confused w/ blood
  3. Avoid citrus and carbonated drinks for 10 days
  4. Monitor bleeding and infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Croup

-Caused by?

A
  1. Parainfulenza virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Croup

-Signs & Symptoms

A
  1. Inspiratory stridor
  2. Harsh, bassy, barky, croupy cough
  3. Hoarseness
  4. Respiratory distress
  5. Fever (up to 104 F)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Croup

-Onset and Manifestations

A
  1. Often begins at night
    - May be preceded by several days of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection
  2. Use of accessory muscles to breathe
  3. Frightened appearance
  4. Agitation
  5. Cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Croup

-Management

A
  1. Maintain airway
  2. Increased fluids
  3. Cool night air may relieve mucosal swelling
  4. Crying aggravates
  5. Dexamethasone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bronchiolitis

A
  1. Inflammation of the bronchioles
  2. Respiratory synctial virus (RSV) is the causative agent in 50% of cases of bronchiolitis TEST
  3. Significant cause of hospitalization in children under 1 year of age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bronchiolitis

-Pathophysiology

A
  1. Obstruction of bronchioles
  2. Infants small bronchioles obstruct easily
  3. Airway resistance on inspiration and expiratoin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bronchiolitis

-Leads to?

A
  1. Gas exchange impaired
  2. Metabolic acidosis
  3. Ill during first 48-72 hrs
  4. Symptoms 10-14 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV)

-Statistics

A
  1. Infants usually acquire from older child or adult
  2. Highly communicable
  3. Nosocomial outbreaks in Ped’s hospitals are common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV)

-How it is Transmitted?

A
  1. Contact w/ contaminated surfaces and hand to hand transmission
  2. Can live on skin and paper for 1 hour and cribs for 6 hours
  3. Contact isolation and scrupulous hand hygiene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV)

-When Does it Happen?

A
  1. Annual epidemics
  2. Winter and early spring
  3. Immunity does not occur
    - incidence decreases w/ age
  4. Nearly 100% of children have RSV by age 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bronchiolitis/RSV

-How it Starts?

A
  1. It is usually preceded by mild upper respiratory infection
    - Nasal drainage, sneezing, low-grade fever, and anorexia for several days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bronchiolitis/RSV

-Acute Respiratory Distress Phase

A
  1. Follows upper respiratory infection
  2. S/S of this phase are:
    - Tachypnea (60-80 breaths per min)
    - Tacycardia (>140)
    - wheezing, crackles, or rhonchi
    - Retractions
    - Cyanosis
    - Either hypothermic or fever up to 105 F
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bronchiolitis/RSV

-Treatment if Hospitalized

A
  1. Cool humidified O2 with O2 sat <90%
  2. IV if dehydrated from tachypnea
  3. Head and chest at 30-40 degrees to open airway
  4. No antibiotics unless secondary bacterial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bronchiolitis/RSV

-Reason for Cool, Humidified O2 for Treatment?

A
  1. Cool, humidified O2 is given to relieve dyspnea, hypoxemia, and insensible fluid loss from tachypnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bronchiolitis/RSV

-What Does Nasal Flaring Indicate?

A
  1. Nasal flaring is a sign of respiratory distress
  2. Infants have trouble breathing through mouth
    - Nasal flaring is usually accompanied by extra respiratory efforts.
    - Allows more air to enter as the nares flare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bronchiolitis/RSV

-Signs of Dehydration

A
  1. Decreased Urine
  2. Sunken fontanels
  3. Weight loss
  4. Dry membranes
  5. Skin turgor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Asthma

-Definition

A
  1. A reversible obstructive airway disease characterized by
    - Airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli
    - Bronchospasm resulting from constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
    - Inflammation and edema of mucous membranes that line small airways and subsequent accumulation of thick secretions in airways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Asthma

-Statistics

A
  1. Leading cause of acute and chronic illness in children
  2. Most frequent admitting diagnosis
  3. Incidence and death is increasing
  4. Prevalence of asthma is children is 9.6%
    - affects 7.1 million children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Asthma

-Causes?

A
  1. Genetic and environmental factors
  2. Inflammatory alteration
  3. Underlying allergy
  4. More prevalent in urban areas where children are exposed to triggers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Asthma

-Immediate Reaction (Early Phase Response)

A
  1. Allergens activate IgE
  2. Release of histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins
  3. Cause Broncho-constriction quickly
  4. Resolves 1-2 hrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Asthma

-Delayed Reaction Late Phase

A
  1. Chemical mediators attract immune system cells to respiratory tract
  2. Inflammatory substances damage epithelial and smooth muscle cells
  3. Edema, mucous plugging of small airways
  4. Broncho-constriction for several hrs
  5. Can last for weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Asthma

-Manifestations

A
  1. Increased airway resistance and respiratory distress from mucous and narrow airways
  2. Difficulty EXHALING
  3. Wheezing heard on exhale
  4. Air becomes trapped –HYPERINFLATION OF ALVEOLI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Asthma

-Manifestations cont..

A
  1. Wheezing during expiratory phase is classic sign
  2. Dry cough
  3. SOB and non productive cough
  4. Dyspnea on exertion
  5. Retractions & nasal flaring
  6. Tachypnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Asthma

-Triggers

A
  1. Exercise (one of the most common)
  2. Cold Air
  3. Cigarette smoke
  4. Cockroach droppings
  5. Viral infection
  6. Stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Asthma

-In Infants and Young Children

A
  1. The airway in infants and young children is narrower, and respiratory distress can occur quickly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Asthma

-Symptoms Indicating Emergency

A
  1. Worsening wheeze, cough, SOB
  2. Difficulty breathing
  3. No improvement after bronchodilator use
  4. Trouble with walking or talking
  5. Listlessness, weak cry in infant; refusal to suck
  6. Grey or blue lips or fingernails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Asthma

-Peak Flow Meter

A
  1. Explain to the parents that a peak flow meter is a device used to monitor breathing capacity in the child w/ asthma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Otitis Media

-Definition

A
  1. Effusion and infection or blockage of the middle ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Acute Otitis Media (AOM)

A
  1. Effusion in the middle ear that occurs suddenly and is associated with other sings of illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)

-Definition

A
  1. The presence of fluid behind the tympanic membrane WITHOUT SIGNS OF INFECTION
  2. Often follows an episode of AOM and usually resolves in 1-3 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Acute Otitis Media

-Manifestations

A
  1. Earache (otalgia); infants may pull their ears or roll their heads
  2. Bulging, opaque tympanic membrane that looks red, w/ decreased mobility; diffuse light reflex; and obscured landmarks
  3. Drainage, usually yellowish green, purulent, FOUL SMELLING (indicates perforation of the tympanic membrane
36
Q

Acute Otitis Media

-Indication of Foul Smell?

A
  1. Yellowish green, purulent, and foul smelling indicates PERFORATION OF THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
37
Q

Otitis Media with Effusion

-Manifestations

A
  1. Tinnitus, popping sounds
  2. Hearing loss (usually conductive) below 35 decibels
  3. Mild balance disturbances
38
Q

Otitis Media Management

A
  1. Pain relief
  2. Antibiotics
  3. Reduce Risk Factors
39
Q

Roseola

A
  1. Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
  2. Incubation: possibly 9-10 days
  3. Infectious period is unknown
  4. Transmitted through: Contact w/ secretions
    - Saliva, CSF
40
Q

Roseola

-Manifestations

A
  1. Usually 6-18 months
  2. Sudden high fever (103-106 F)
  3. Rash appears after fever subsides
  4. Pink maculopapules that blanch with pressure ***TEST
  5. Cough, runny nose, abdominal pain, headache, V/D
41
Q

Rubella (German Measles: 3 day measles)

A
  1. Virus
  2. Incubation: 14-21 days
  3. Infectious period: 7-14 days after rash appears
  4. Transmission: Airborne particles, direct contact w/ droplets, placenta
  5. Immunity: Natural disease, Vaccine
42
Q

Rubella (German Measles: 3 day measles)

-Incubation time?

A
  1. 14-21 days
43
Q

Rubella (German Measles: 3 day measles)

-Infectious Period

A
  1. 7 days prior to 14 days after rash appears
44
Q

Rubella (German Measles: 3 day measles)

-Transmission

A
  1. Airborne particles
  2. Direct contact w/ droplets
  3. Placenta
45
Q

Rubella (German Measles: 3 day measles)

-Immunity

A
  1. Natural disease

2. Vaccine

46
Q

Rubella (German Measles: 3 day measles)

-Rash and Manifestations

A
  1. Rash at 14-16 days
  2. Asymptomatic till rash appears
  3. Rash is pink maculopapular
  4. Rash begins on face, scalp and neck
  5. Petechiae on soft palate
47
Q

Rubella (German Measles: 3 day measles)

-S/S

A
  1. Nasal Drainage
  2. Diarrhea & Nausea
  3. Sore throat & malaise
  4. Low grade fever, aches, & chills
48
Q

Maternal Rubella

A
  1. During 1st 12 weeks of pregnancy (1st Trimester)
  2. Intrauterine Growth Retardation IUGR
  3. Failure to thrive
  4. Pneumonia, heart defects, encephalitis and immune deficiency
49
Q

Rubella (German Measles: 3 day measles)

-Treatment

A
  1. Treatment is supportive

2. Keep away from other children until 7 days after rash begins

50
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

A
  1. Virus
  2. Incubation: 8-12 days from exposure
  3. Infectious: 3-5 days before rash appears to 4 days after
  4. Transmission: Direct contact with droplets: Can be airborne
  5. Immunity: Natural or live attenuated vaccine
51
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-Incubation

A
  1. 8-12 days from exposure
52
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-Infectious period?

A
  1. 3-5 days before rash appears to 4 days after
53
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-Transmission

A
  1. Direct contact with droplets

- Can be airborne

54
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-Immunity

A
  1. Natural or live attenuated vaccine
55
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-Characteristics

A
  1. Spreads slowly
  2. Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis
  3. Quite ill
  4. photophobia
  5. Koplik spots 2-4 days prior to rash
56
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-What to Look for during Assessment?

A
  1. Koplik spots are found 2-4 days prior to rash
57
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-Disease Process

A
  1. Begins on face
  2. Spreads to trunk and extremities
  3. Red rash blanches easily
  4. Gradually turns brownish
58
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-Statistics

A
  1. 10 million cases each year

2. 197,000 die each year

59
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-Treatment

A
  1. Restrict activity - quiet bed rest
  2. Acetaminophhen or ibuprofen for fever
  3. Increased fluid intake
  4. Lukewarm baths
  5. Lubriderm & antihistamines
  6. Mittens if child scratches
60
Q

Rubeola (Measles)

-Precautions

A
  1. Airborne precautions
  2. Vitamin A supplements
  3. MMR vaccine 2 doses
    - 1st dose - 1 year
    - 2nd dose - 4-6 years
  4. MMR vaccine may be given sooner but, at least 4 weeks from last dose)
61
Q

MMR Vaccine

A
  1. 1st dose - 1 year
  2. 2nd dose - 4-6 years
    - May be given sooner but, at least 4 weeks from last dose
62
Q

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

-Vaccine

A
  1. AAP in 2005 recommended a booster, called:
    - Tdap
    - recommended for children age 11 to 12 who completed a primary series of DTap
  2. This replaces the first of the recommended 10-year Td boosters
63
Q

Fifth’s Disease

A
  1. Parovirus B-19
  2. Incubation: 4-14 days (up to 21 days)
  3. Infectious: between 5-12 days of infection
  4. Transmission: airborne particles, respiratory droplets, placenta
  5. Immunity: Natural disease
64
Q

Fifth’s Disease

-Incubation

A
  1. Caused by parovirus B-19

2. 4-14 days (up to 21 days)

65
Q

Fifth’s Disease

-Duration a person is Infectious

A
  1. Between days 5-12 of infection
66
Q

Fifth’s Disease

-Transmission

A
  1. Airborne particles
  2. Respiratory droplets
  3. Placenta
67
Q

Fifth’s Disease

-Immunity

A
  1. Natural Disease
68
Q

Fifth’s Disease

-Manifestations

A
  1. Red cheeks
  2. Rash that comes and goes
  3. May be asymptomatic
  4. Rash may last 2-39 days
  5. Headache, runny nose, fever
69
Q

Fifth’s Disease

-Rash Characteristics

A
  1. Rash on trunk and extremities after face
70
Q

Fifth’s Disease

-Aggravating factors

A
  1. Heat
  2. Exercise
  3. Warm Bath
71
Q

Fifth’s Disease

-Protecting Pregnant Women?

A
  1. Identify pregnant family members and teachers
  2. Intrauterine infection causes FETAL DEATH
  3. 15% increased risk of miscarriage if infected during 1st 20 weeks
72
Q

Chickenpox

-Nursing Interventions

A
  1. Antihistamines for itching
  2. Acetaminophen for fever
  3. Acyclovir for severe cases
    - works well if started early in window
  4. PRIVATE ROOM W/ STRICT ISOLATION
  5. Bag contaminated materials and label
  6. Nurse should not be assigned to immunocompromised pt at the same time
73
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

-Definition

A
  1. Deaths in infants less than 1 year of age that occur suddenly and unexpectedly, and whose cause of death are not immediately obvious prior to investigation
74
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

-Statistics

A
  1. Occurs most frequently in the 2-4th month
  2. 95% before age 6 months
  3. More common in boys and low birth weight
  4. Lower socioeconomic
  5. Winter
  6. American Indians followed by African Americans
75
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

-Intrinsic (Non-modifiable Risk Factors)

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Male
  3. Prematurity
  4. Prenatal exposure to cigarettes or alcohol
76
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

-Extrinsic (Modifiable) Risk Factors

A
  1. Prone sleeping
  2. Bed sharing
  3. Use of soft bedclothes or mattresses
  4. Putting infant to sleep on upholstered furniture or adult mattress
  5. Exposure to cigarette smoke
77
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

-Ways to Prevent SIDS

A
  1. Breastfeed as much and for as long as you can
  2. Schedule and go to all well-child visits
  3. Keep baby away from smokers and places where people smoke
  4. Do not let your baby get too hot
  5. Offer a pacifier at nap time and bed time
78
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

-Common autopsy findings

A
  1. Pulmonary edema (fluid)
  2. Vascular congestion
  3. Pulmonary inflammation
  4. Retarded postnatal growth
79
Q

Leukemia

A
  1. Most common childhood cancer
  2. Group of malignancies that affect the bone marrow and lymphatic system
  3. Classified by type of WBC’s that become neoplastic
80
Q

Leukemia

-2 Groups

A
  1. ALL
    - Acute lymphoid leukemia
  2. AML/ANLL
    - Acute myelogenous or non-lymphoid leukemia
81
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-Characteristics

A
  1. A fast-growing cancer in which the body produces a large number of immature WBC’s (lymphocytes)
82
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-Statistics

A
  1. ALL makes up 80% of childhood acute leukemias
  2. Most cases occur in children ages 3-7
  3. The disease may also occur in adults
83
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-Patho

A
  1. In acute leukemia, cancerous cells multiply quickly and replace normal cells
  2. Cancerous cells take over normal parts of the bone marrow, often causing low blood counts
84
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-Risk Factors

A
  1. Most cases of ALL have no obvious cause
  2. The following may play a role in development of leukemia:
    - Chromosome problems
    - Radiation exposure & past chemo
    - Bone marrow transplant
    - Toxins such as benzene // Down syndrome and other genetic disorders
85
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-Symptoms of ALL

A
  1. A person with ALL is more likely to bleed and have infections because there are fewer normal blood cells and platelets
  2. Shortage of RBC’s and normal WBC’s
86
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-Shortage of RBC’s results in?

A
  1. Shortage of RBC’s causes symptoms of anemia including:
    - Fatigue or weakness
    - Dizziness
    - Feeling cold
    - Light-headedness and SOB
87
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-Shortage of Normal WBC’s causes?

A
  1. Fever

2. Recurring infections

88
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-Treatment Statistics

A
  1. Majority of children go into remission and remain symptom free when treatment is completed
  2. Children dx with the most common form of leukemia, ALL, can almost always achieve remission, with a 5-year disease-free survival rate approaching 85%

Pediatrics Final Exam (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions