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Biology 201 Ch 1 > Test Review > Flashcards

Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Frontal or Coronal Plane

A
  • The plane is oriented parallel to long axis
  • A frontal, or Coronal, section separates Anterior and Posterior portions of the body.
  • Coronal usually refers to section passing through the skull
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2
Q

Mid Sagittal plane

A
  • The Plane is oriented parallel to long axis.
  • A Sagittal Section separates Right and Left portion. You examine a Sagittal Section, but you Section Sagittally.
  • A Mid Sagittal Section, the Plane passes through the midline. It separates the body into Equal Right and Left Sides
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3
Q
  • Three Body Cavities
  • Membrane
  • Diaphragm
A
  • (1) Thoracic Body Cavity, (2) The Abdominal Body Cavity and (3) the Pelvic Region.
  • Serous Membrane or Serosa are the lining of body cavities.
  • The Diaphragm (flat muscular sheet) separates the the regions.
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4
Q

Thoracic Body Cavity

A
  • Contains Two pleural Cavities, each surrounding the lungs.
  • The pericardial cavity of the heart.
  • And a large tissue mass, Called the Mediastinum.
  • The peritoneal cavity extends only partway into the pelvic cavity.
  • Major Organs are the (1) Lungs, and (2) Heart.
  • Inferior Portion of the (1) Esophagus, and (2) Thymus.
  • Also the Thoracic Body Cavity is associated with organs of the (1) Respiratory, (2) cardiovascular, and (3) the lymphatic system.
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5
Q

Body Cavity of the trucks does what

A

1 Protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts;
2 They permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.
-Ex. Lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and many other organs can expand and contract without distorting surrounding tissues or disturbing the activities of nearby organs b/c they project the body cavities.

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6
Q

What is Viscera (VIS-e-ruh)

A
  • A delicate serous membrane that lines the walls of the internal cavities.
  • Covers the surface of the enclosed viscera.
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7
Q

What is Visceral Serosa

A

-The portion of a serous membrane that covers a viscera of organ.

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8
Q

What is Parietal Serosa

A

-The opposing layer that lines the inner surface of the body chamber.

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9
Q

Stating that the Visceral and Serosa are usually close to each other. This is called what

A

Potential Space.

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10
Q

The Shiny Slipper Membrane of the Thoracic Cavity Are;

  • Pleura (PLOOR-ah)
  • Visceral Pleura
  • Parietal Plerura
A
  • Pleura; The serous membrane lining the plural cavity.
  • Visceral Pleura; Covers the outer surface of the lungs.
  • Parietal Plerura- Covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body walls.
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11
Q

Mediastinum Stats

A
  • Mediastinum consist of mass connected tissue
  • Supports the esophagus, trachea, and thymus and major BV that originated or end’s at the heart.
  • Contains the Pericardial Cavity which is a small chamber surrounding the heart.
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12
Q
  • Serous Membrane associated with the Heart is calls Pericardium (peri- meaning around, and cardiac meaning heart).
  • Visceral Pericardium is what
  • Parietal Pericardium is what
A
  • Visceral Pericardium- The layer covering the heart

- Parietal Pericardium- The opposing surface of the heart.

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13
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity Stats

A

-Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis.
-Subdivided into a Superior Abdominal Cavity and an
Inferior Pelvic Cavity.
- Contain the Peritoneal ( per-i-to-NE-al) Cavity, a potential space lined by a serous membrane called Peritoneum (per-i-to-NE-um)
-Parietal Peritoneum lines the inner surface of the body wall.
- Visceral Peritoneum, covers the enclosed organs.

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14
Q

Peritoneum allows what to happen

A
  • It allows the organs of the digestive system to slide across one another without damage to themselves or the walls of the cavity.
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15
Q

Abdominal Cavity Stats

A
  • Extends from the inferior (towards the feet) surface of the diaphragm to the level of the Superior (towards the head) margin of the pelvis.
  • Contains (1) Liver, Stomach, (2) Spleen, (3) Small Intestines, and most of all the (4) Large Intestines.
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16
Q

Peritoneal Cavity Means

A

The organs are partially or completely enclosed by the peritoneal cavity. Just like the heart and lungs are enclosed by the pericardial and pleural cavities.

17
Q
  • Understanding Retroperitoneal

- Pancreas lies B/W what.

A
  • Those organs are said to be Retroperitoneal (retro meaning, behind)
  • Ex. Kidneys and Pancreas lies b/t the peritoneal lining and muscular walls of the abdominal cavity.
18
Q

Pelvic Cavity Stats:

A
  • Pelvic Cavity is inferior to the abdominal Cavity.
  • The Bones of the pelvis form the walls of the pelvic cavity and layers of muscle forms it floor.
  • The Pelvic Cavity contains (1) Urinary Bladder, (2) Various reproductive organs, (3) and the Distal (farthest) portion of the large intestine.
  • In Females, the pelvic cavity contains the (1) ovaries, (2) uterine tubes, and (3) uterus.
  • In Males, it contains the (1) prostate glands, and (2) the seminal glands (seminal vesicles).
  • Pelvic Cavity also contains the (1) Inferior Portion of the Peritoneal Cavity.
  • Peritoneum also covers the (1) Ovaries, and (2) the Uterus in females, as well as the Superior Portion of the Urinary Bladder in Both Sexes.
19
Q

What is Infraperitoneal

A

Organs such as the Urinary Bladder and the Distal Portions of the Ureters and Large Intestine, which extend Inferior to the Peritoneal Cavity, are said to be Infraperitoneal.

20
Q

Anterior View

A

Anterior View

(1) Superior; Above; at the highest level (in the Human Body, towards the head).
(2) Right and Left
(3) Proximal- Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk. The shoulder is proximal to the wrist.
(4) Distal- Away from the point of attachment of a limb or trunk. The fingers are distal to the wrist.
(5) Lateral- Away from the Midline
(6) Medial- Towards the Midline

21
Q

Lateral View

A

Lateral View

(1) Superior- The head is Superior to the Chest.
(2) Cranial Or Cephalic- Toward the Head. The Cranial nerves are in the head.
(3) Posteror Or Dorsal - Posterior; The back Surface. Dorsal the Back (equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body). The Scapula ( shoulders blades) is located posterior to the Rib Cage.
(4) Anterior Or Ventral- Anterior; The Front Surface. Ventral; The Belly Side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body). The umbilicus (Navel) is on the Anterior (or ventral) surface of the trunk.
(5) Caudal- Towards the tail: (coccyx in humans). Fused caudal vertebrates form the Skeleton of the tail (coccyx).

22
Q

Abominopelvic Quadrants

A
  • The four abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the Navel. The term for theses quadrants, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions.
    (RUQ), (LUQ), (RLQ), (LLG)
23
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions.
(1) First Row Regions
1st- is Right Side Upper Hypochondriac, 2nd- is (Center) Epigastric and 3rd- Is the Left Side Upper Hypochondriac.
(2) Second Row Regions
1st is the Right Side Lumbar, 2nd- is the (Center) Umbilical, and 3rd- is the Left Side Lumbar
3rd Third Row
1st- is the Right Side Inguinal, 2nd is the (Center) Hypogastric (pubic), and 3rd is the Left Inguinal.

24
Q

Liver, Gallbladder, Large Intestines, Small Intestines, Appendix. Stomach, Spleen, Urinary Bladder.

A

Live=URQ, Epigastric Region.
Gallbladder= RUQ, Umbilical Region
Large Intestines= RUQ, Center Umbilical Region
Small Intestines= RUQ, Center Umbilical Region
Appendix= RLQ, Center Hypogastric (pubic) Region
Stomach= LUQ, Center Epigastric Region
Spleen= LUQ, Left Hypochondriac
Urinary Bladder= LLQ, Center Hypogastric (pubic) Region.

25
Q

Elements to learn regarding Anatomy and Physiology.

A 
Atomic Number (A#), Atomic Weight (AW), Element Names (EN), Chemical Symbol (CS)
Hydrogen: 1,  1.01,,  H
Carbon: 6, 12.01,, C
Nitrogen: 7, 14.01,, N 
Oxygen: 8, 16.00,, O
Sodium: 11, 22.99,, Na
Magnesium: 12, 24.31,, Mg
Phosphorus: 15, 30.97,, P
Sulfer: 16,  32.07,,  S
Chlorine: 17,  35.45,,  Cl
Potassium: 19,  39.10,,  K
Calcium: 20,  40.08,,  Ca
Manganese: 25, 54.94,, Mn
Iron: 26, 55.85,, Fe
Copper: 29, 63.55,, Cu
Zinc: 30, 65.38,, Zn
Iodine: 53, 126.9,, I
26
Q

Explain why the Mass of an Atom Dose not include the electron.

A

Electrons are much lighter than protons (1/1836) and have a negative electrical charge. For this reason, the mass of an atom is determined primarily by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

27
Q

What is Atomic Number Mean

A

Atomic Number is the number of protons in an atom.

28
Q

What is an element

A

An element are atoms composed of only one kind

29
Q

What is the Mass Number

A

Is the total number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus;

30
Q

Atomic Weight

A

The Atomic Weight of an Element is an Average of the Different Atomic Masses and Proportions of its Different Isotopes. Ex. The Mass Number of the most common isotope of Hydrogen is 1, but the Atomic Weight of Hydrogen is 1.0079, primarily b/c Some Hydrogen atoms (0.015 percent) have a Mass Number of 2, and even fewer have a Mass Number of 3.

31
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Attracts B/W Hydrogen Atoms with a Partial Positive Charge (&+) and an Atom ( Oxogen, Fluorine, Nitrogen) what a Partial Negative Charge (&-)

32
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Bonds made B/W the attraction of Cat ions (Na+) and An ions (Cl-). Ionic Bond: NaCl, compound not a molecule.

33
Q

Covalent Bond

A
  • Covalent Bonds means you are sharing electrons.
  • There are Single CB and Double CB, Sometime TCB
  • Non-Polar CB- Meaning Equal Sharing of Electrons
  • Polar CB- Meaning Unequal Sharing of Electrons producing a partial charge on some atoms and a partial negative charge on another atoms.
34
Q

Types of Chemical Bonds

A

1- Decomposition (Catabolism)
2H2O2————–2H2O+O2
Ex. Hydrolysis- use water to make the reaction
Maltose to 2 glucose molecules

2- Synthesis (anabolism)
2H2(g) + O2(g) ——-2H2O(j)
Ex. Dehydration Synthesis
2 glucose to maltose

3- Exchange Reaction
Ex. Transamination reaction
Freely Reversible

4- Oxidation/Reduction (Redox)
Oxidation- Loss of Electron(s)
Reducing Agent, Reductant, and Antioxidant
Reduction- Gains of Electron(s)
Oxidizing Agent, Oxidant, and Pro-Oxidant.

Biology 201 Ch 1 (3 decks)

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