test review 2

Question 1

ISPD move permeable to

Answer 1

INHIBITORY (hyperpolarizing)
K+ channel
Cl- channel (most cells)

Question 2

generate ap mv

Answer 2

characterized by the presence of a threshold – the minimum depolarization necessary
to generate an action potential (if VM > threshold  will get an AP!)

Question 3

direction movement across ions

Answer 3

permeability to Na ions  VM moves toward ENa cell depolarizes  more active!
concentration gradient & charge

Question 4

direction movement across ions

Answer 4

permeability to Na ions  VM moves toward ENa cell depolarizes  more active!
concentration gradient & charge

Question 5

AP 1st Event

Answer 5

resting state

2. deporlaization

Question 6

ligand gated

Answer 6

How do ion channels open?
1) changes in VM can cause the opening or
closing of voltage-gated ion channels
channels activated by chemicals (ligands)
• these ligand-gated ion channels open or close when
specific chemicals, like neurotransmitters, bind to a channel

Question 7

threshold/detection pitch - what structure

Answer 7

How different frequencies (pitch) are detected
Basilar membrane: a critical characteristic
of this structure is that it is NOT uniform
over its 33 mm length.

Question 8

photoransduction - dark current

Answer 8

(a) In the dark:
Rhodopsin is in inactive form
cGMP levels are high
Na+ and K+ channels are open (“dark current”)
Membrane potential is at –40 mV & transmitter is
being released

Question 9

carry AP deep skeletal muscle

Answer 9

myosin head is bound to ATP

Question 10

tympanic oval window by_____

Answer 10

Contains the three bones of the middle ear: the ossicle
: Malleus, incus and stapes
Tympanic membrane  [malleus  incus  stapes]  oval window

Question 11

vertebrate responds to light response

Answer 11

vertebrate retina is an “inverted” structure
light  blood vessels, ganglion
cells, retinal interneurons, bipolar
cells  photoreceptors

Question 12

first line defense pathogens

Answer 12

barrier defenses
skin
muscus membrane
secrections

Question 13

aspirin reduce moderate fevor ?

Answer 13

• Increases activity of white bloods cells in the immune response
Thus, reduction of moderate fever with aspirin may not be advisable !

Question 14

autoimmune T vs B cells

Answer 14

B lymphocytes (B cells):
• Formed in the bone marrow
• These cells produce primary & secondary antibody responses (humoral immunity)
• Primary purpose is to secrete antibodies
• Mature B cells have antibodies on their surface for specific antigen (epitope)
 when antigen binds  many differentiate into plasma cells (Ab-secreting cells)
 plasma cells secrete huge amounts of Ab molecules (2000/sec)

T lymphocytes (T cells):
• Derived from lymphocytes that have migrated to the thymus gland from the bone marrow
• Participate in cell-mediated immunity

Question 15

perfonis - great phagocytic actvity cells

Answer 15

Phasic receptors
 Response adapts rapidly after
initial burst of activity
= SENSORY ADAPTATION

Question 16

Natrual killer cells

Answer 16

kills cancer cells

Question 17

perfonis - great phagocytic actvity cells

Answer 17

Phasic receptors
 Response adapts rapidly after
initial burst of activity
= SENSORY ADAPTATION