Test Review 1 Flashcards
Basic definition of science
- process of observations and experiments to make evidence based conclusions
- a way of processing and answering questions about the world
Scientific Theory and Experimentation
i. Observation
ii. Hypothesis (must be testable and falsifiable)
iii. Experiment
iv. Results
v. Theory
Parts of a Study
i. Experimental group
ii. Control group
iii. independent variable- The thing you change
iv. dependent variable- the thing being changed
v. sample size
# of Subjects or # of repitition
vi. Statistical Significance (measure of confidence that results are “real” and not due to chance)
Other types of Study
Epidemiology: study of patterns of disease in populations
Randomized clinical trials: controlled medical studied in which subjects are randomly chosen to receive a treatment or placebo
Critical analysis of scientific study
Coorelation does not mean causation
5 characteristics of life
i. Growth
ii. Reproduction
iii. Response to stimuli
iv. Maintenance of Homeostasis (Maintaining a stable internal environment ex: body temperature and water regulation)
v. ) Obtain and Use Energy
The importance of Carbon and Water
CO2 is inorganic
Carbon is organic
makes 4 bonds (stable, light and abundant)
Macromolecule: Carbohydrates
i. Monomer : monosaccharide (sugars)
ii. storage and cell support (humans store glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle cells) (plants store glucose as cellulose)
iii. Examples: glucose, fructose, chitin, starch
Macromolecule: Proteins
i. monomer: amino acids (20)
ii. function: chemical reactions, cellular support, signaling
iii. Require a 3D shape to function
iv. Examples: Enzymes, actin, pepsin, tubulin
Macromolecule: Lipids
i. monomer: no concise monomer or repeating unit. Each has a distinct structure
ii. Fatty Acids
a. Unsaturated: double bonds bc not max of hydrogens, ie trans fat
b. Saturated: none
iii. ) Phospholipids
a. ) Phosphate head (polar) + two fatty acid chains (non-polar) + Glycerin + choline
b. Makes up the cell membrane
iv. ) Triglycerides
a. three fatty chains bound by a glycerin molecule
b. used for cell energy storage
v. Sterols
a. 4 connected carbon rings
b. Signaling (hormones), support (cholesterol)
Nucleic Acids
Monomer: Nucleotides
Make up RNA and DNA
Why is water essential to life
i. all reactions occur in or with water
ii. Extremely polar solvent
iii. Hydrogen bonding
a. High specific heat content (why oceans are cool)
b. Adhesion and Cohesion
c. Ice is less dense than water
Neutral pH
pH=7 [H+]=[OH-]
Acidic pH
pH [OH-]
Basic pH
pH > 7 [H+}
Exceptional life forms
i. Virus : like a cell, protein coat with DNA & RNA, not alive
ii. Prions : Protein wrongly folded, not alive
Prokaryotes
No membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
has membrane bound organelles
Organelles
i. Cell Membrane/ Cell wall
ii. Cytoplasm
iii. Ribosomes: synthesize proteins
iv. Nucleus: nuclear membrane DNA & RNA, biggest organelle, nuclear pores and nuclear membrane
v. Endoplasmic Recticulum: Smooth (lipids) and Rough ER (Proteins)
vi. Golgi Apparatus: processing and packaging of proteins
vii. Mitochondria: Power house of the cell
viii. Lysosomes: bubbles in cell with digestive enzymes
ix. Cytoskeleton: backbone of the cell
Endomembrane system
The Nucleus, ER, and Golgi all work together to create it
Passive (simple) Diffusion
No energy
No transport proteins
small, uncharged particals
Facilitated Diffusion
No energy
uses transport proteins
small, polar charged molecule
Active Transport
Requires energy and transport proteins
moves moelcules against the concentration gradient from LOW to HIGH
Osmosis
Diffusion from low solute concentration to High solute concentration
i. Hypotonic: too much H2O; swells
ii. Hypertonic: water will flow out and shrivel
iii. Isotonic: equal water
Endosymbiotic theory
a. prokaryotic cell engulfed another prokaryotic cell and the two formed a symbiotic relationship that lasted millions of years. Eventually neither cell could survive without the other
b. Evidence
i. DNA
ii. Ribosomes
iii. Size
iv. Division
v. double membrane
Malnutrition
a state of illness where the body is severely lacking in important nutrients for survival
Golden Interval
first 1000 days of life where major physical and cognitice development occurs
RUTF
ready to use food therapy
Diseases missing micronutirents
Osteoporosis- calcium
Anemia- Iron
Scurvy- vitamin c
goiters- iodine
Macronutrients
nutrients that the body requires in LARGE amounts
ex. Fats, Carbs, Proteins
Micronutrients
nutrients that the body requires in SMALL amounts ex: Vitamins and minerals
Essential nutrients
nutrients that the body cannot synthesize ex: Metal ions and amino acids
Digestion
mechanical or chemical breakdown of food
Metabolism
the sum of chemical reactions in the body
Enzymes
i.Active Site
ii. Activation Energy (lowers)
iii. Substrate
iv. Catabolism: breaking things down; starts with one substrate
v. Anabolism: building things up: starts with 2 substates
Steps:
i. Substrates bind to active site
ii. Active site changes shape: bond is easier to break of create
iii. Substrate is released and enzyme can be used again
Vitamins
Organic
Coenzymes
Minerals
Inorganic
cofactors
Photosynthesis
Sunlight + H2O + CO2 -> O2 + Glucose
Photo Step
dependent of light being absorbed
i. Location: thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast
ii. Sunlight is absorbed, H2O splits, O2 is released, Energy of excited electrons makes ATP
Synthesis Stem
Requires CO2
Known as carbon fixation
location: chloroplasts: absorb red and blue reflect green
Atp is used to convert atmospheric CO2 into glucose
a calorie
amount of energy required to raise the temp of water by 1 degrees Celcius
Calorie
1000 calories
Fats =
9 Calories/gram
Proteins and Carbs =
4 Calories/gram
Glycogen
Polysaccharide
complex carb
stored in muscle cells and liver
short term energy storage
Triglucerides
a lipid stored in fat cells
stores excess energy for long term
storage often occurs when glycogen stores are filled
Aerobic Respiration
Reactions that use O2 to convert food energy into cellular energy
Glucose is most common source
Glucose + O2 -> H2O + CO2 + ATP
Aerobic Respiration : Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glucose is split into 2 molecules (pyruvate) then enters mitochandria
2 ATP
Aerobic Respiration: Citric Acid Cycle
i. Occurs in mitochondria matrix
ii. Electrons are stripped from carbon atoms in pyruvate
iii. NAD -> NADH carries electrons
iv. 2 ATP and CO2
Aerobic Respiration: Electron Transport
Occurs in inner mitochondrial matrix
Electrons are passed down an electron transport chain
oxygen accepts electrons and makes water
36 ATP
Fermentation
Anarobic
occurs when no O2 is present
Occurs in cytoplasm
Produces alcohol or lactic acid
