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Bio 113 Lecture > Test Review 1 > Flashcards

Test Review 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basic definition of science

A
  • process of observations and experiments to make evidence based conclusions
  • a way of processing and answering questions about the world
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2
Q

Scientific Theory and Experimentation

A

i. Observation
ii. Hypothesis (must be testable and falsifiable)
iii. Experiment
iv. Results
v. Theory

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3
Q

Parts of a Study

A

i. Experimental group
ii. Control group
iii. independent variable- The thing you change
iv. dependent variable- the thing being changed
v. sample size
# of Subjects or # of repitition
vi. Statistical Significance (measure of confidence that results are “real” and not due to chance)

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4
Q

Other types of Study

A

Epidemiology: study of patterns of disease in populations
Randomized clinical trials: controlled medical studied in which subjects are randomly chosen to receive a treatment or placebo

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5
Q

Critical analysis of scientific study

A

Coorelation does not mean causation

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6
Q

5 characteristics of life

A

i. Growth
ii. Reproduction
iii. Response to stimuli
iv. Maintenance of Homeostasis (Maintaining a stable internal environment ex: body temperature and water regulation)
v. ) Obtain and Use Energy

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7
Q

The importance of Carbon and Water

A

CO2 is inorganic
Carbon is organic
makes 4 bonds (stable, light and abundant)

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8
Q

Macromolecule: Carbohydrates

A

i. Monomer : monosaccharide (sugars)
ii. storage and cell support (humans store glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle cells) (plants store glucose as cellulose)
iii. Examples: glucose, fructose, chitin, starch

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9
Q

Macromolecule: Proteins

A

i. monomer: amino acids (20)
ii. function: chemical reactions, cellular support, signaling
iii. Require a 3D shape to function
iv. Examples: Enzymes, actin, pepsin, tubulin

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10
Q

Macromolecule: Lipids

A

i. monomer: no concise monomer or repeating unit. Each has a distinct structure
ii. Fatty Acids
a. Unsaturated: double bonds bc not max of hydrogens, ie trans fat
b. Saturated: none
iii. ) Phospholipids
a. ) Phosphate head (polar) + two fatty acid chains (non-polar) + Glycerin + choline
b. Makes up the cell membrane
iv. ) Triglycerides
a. three fatty chains bound by a glycerin molecule
b. used for cell energy storage
v. Sterols
a. 4 connected carbon rings
b. Signaling (hormones), support (cholesterol)

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11
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Monomer: Nucleotides

Make up RNA and DNA

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12
Q

Why is water essential to life

A

i. all reactions occur in or with water
ii. Extremely polar solvent
iii. Hydrogen bonding
a. High specific heat content (why oceans are cool)
b. Adhesion and Cohesion
c. Ice is less dense than water

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13
Q

Neutral pH

A

pH=7 [H+]=[OH-]

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14
Q

Acidic pH

A

pH [OH-]

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15
Q

Basic pH

A

pH > 7 [H+}

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16
Q

Exceptional life forms

A

i. Virus : like a cell, protein coat with DNA & RNA, not alive
ii. Prions : Protein wrongly folded, not alive

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17
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No membrane bound organelles

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18
Q

Eukaryotes

A

has membrane bound organelles

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19
Q

Organelles

A

i. Cell Membrane/ Cell wall
ii. Cytoplasm
iii. Ribosomes: synthesize proteins
iv. Nucleus: nuclear membrane DNA & RNA, biggest organelle, nuclear pores and nuclear membrane
v. Endoplasmic Recticulum: Smooth (lipids) and Rough ER (Proteins)
vi. Golgi Apparatus: processing and packaging of proteins
vii. Mitochondria: Power house of the cell
viii. Lysosomes: bubbles in cell with digestive enzymes
ix. Cytoskeleton: backbone of the cell

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20
Q

Endomembrane system

A

The Nucleus, ER, and Golgi all work together to create it

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21
Q

Passive (simple) Diffusion

A

No energy
No transport proteins
small, uncharged particals

22
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

No energy
uses transport proteins
small, polar charged molecule

23
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires energy and transport proteins

moves moelcules against the concentration gradient from LOW to HIGH

24
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion from low solute concentration to High solute concentration

i. Hypotonic: too much H2O; swells
ii. Hypertonic: water will flow out and shrivel
iii. Isotonic: equal water

25
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

a. prokaryotic cell engulfed another prokaryotic cell and the two formed a symbiotic relationship that lasted millions of years. Eventually neither cell could survive without the other
b. Evidence
i. DNA
ii. Ribosomes
iii. Size
iv. Division
v. double membrane

26
Q

Malnutrition

A

a state of illness where the body is severely lacking in important nutrients for survival

27
Q

Golden Interval

A

first 1000 days of life where major physical and cognitice development occurs

28
Q

RUTF

A

ready to use food therapy

29
Q

Diseases missing micronutirents

A

Osteoporosis- calcium
Anemia- Iron
Scurvy- vitamin c
goiters- iodine

30
Q

Macronutrients

A

nutrients that the body requires in LARGE amounts

ex. Fats, Carbs, Proteins

31
Q

Micronutrients

A

nutrients that the body requires in SMALL amounts ex: Vitamins and minerals

32
Q

Essential nutrients

A

nutrients that the body cannot synthesize ex: Metal ions and amino acids

33
Q

Digestion

A

mechanical or chemical breakdown of food

34
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of chemical reactions in the body

35
Q

Enzymes

A

i.Active Site
ii. Activation Energy (lowers)
iii. Substrate
iv. Catabolism: breaking things down; starts with one substrate
v. Anabolism: building things up: starts with 2 substates
Steps:
i. Substrates bind to active site
ii. Active site changes shape: bond is easier to break of create
iii. Substrate is released and enzyme can be used again

36
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic

Coenzymes

37
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic

cofactors

38
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Sunlight + H2O + CO2 -> O2 + Glucose

39
Q

Photo Step

A

dependent of light being absorbed

i. Location: thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast
ii. Sunlight is absorbed, H2O splits, O2 is released, Energy of excited electrons makes ATP

40
Q

Synthesis Stem

A

Requires CO2
Known as carbon fixation
location: chloroplasts: absorb red and blue reflect green
Atp is used to convert atmospheric CO2 into glucose

41
Q

a calorie

A

amount of energy required to raise the temp of water by 1 degrees Celcius

42
Q

Calorie

A

1000 calories

43
Q

Fats =

A

9 Calories/gram

44
Q

Proteins and Carbs =

A

4 Calories/gram

45
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide
complex carb
stored in muscle cells and liver
short term energy storage

46
Q

Triglucerides

A

a lipid stored in fat cells
stores excess energy for long term
storage often occurs when glycogen stores are filled

47
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Reactions that use O2 to convert food energy into cellular energy
Glucose is most common source
Glucose + O2 -> H2O + CO2 + ATP

48
Q

Aerobic Respiration : Glycolysis

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glucose is split into 2 molecules (pyruvate) then enters mitochandria
2 ATP

49
Q

Aerobic Respiration: Citric Acid Cycle

A

i. Occurs in mitochondria matrix
ii. Electrons are stripped from carbon atoms in pyruvate
iii. NAD -> NADH carries electrons
iv. 2 ATP and CO2

50
Q

Aerobic Respiration: Electron Transport

A

Occurs in inner mitochondrial matrix
Electrons are passed down an electron transport chain
oxygen accepts electrons and makes water
36 ATP

51
Q

Fermentation

A

Anarobic
occurs when no O2 is present
Occurs in cytoplasm
Produces alcohol or lactic acid

Bio 113 Lecture (5 decks)

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